The Minimalist Program 3.4 Beyond the Interface Levels: S-Structure

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This section asks whether S-Structure—like D-Structure—can be eliminated in a fully minimalist architecture. Chomsky argues that apparent S-Structure effects (e.g., binding phenomena and differences in overt vs. covert movement) may instead be reducible to interface conditions (PF, LF) and morphological feature checking. If so, Spell-Out can apply without positing an independent S-Structure level.

The discussion reframes binding, Case, agreement, and wh-movement in terms of feature strength and economy. Strong features must be checked before Spell-Out (forcing overt movement), while weak features can be checked at LF (covert movement). This explains cross-linguistic differences such as French vs. English verb movement and SVO vs. VSO word order without invoking S-Structure constraints. Agreement and Case are unified as manifestations of Spec–head checking, with morphological features disappearing once checked. The overall conclusion: what seemed like S-Structure conditions may actually reflect interface-driven economy and feature checking, strengthening the Minimalist Program’s claim that only PF and LF are fundamental levels.

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