(75) Enzyme Kinetics | Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction | Enzymes Biochemistry | B.Pharm 2nd Sem.

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Enzyme Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rate (speed) of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and the factors that influence this rate.

Factors Affecting Rate of Enzyme Reaction
1. Enzyme Concentration
Rate of reaction increases with increase in enzyme concentration if substrate is sufficient.
More enzyme → more active sites → faster product formation.

2. Substrate Concentration
Initially, rate increases with increase in substrate concentration.
After some point, maximum velocity (Vmax) is reached because all enzyme active sites are occupied.

3. Temperature
Enzyme activity increases with temperature due to higher molecular collisions. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature (usually around 37°C in humans). Very high temperature → enzyme denaturation → rate decreases.

4. pH Every enzyme works best at a specific optimum pH. Change in pH alters enzyme structure and active site. Example: Pepsin → pH 1.5–2, Trypsin → pH ~8.

5. Inhibitors: Certain chemicals reduce enzyme activity. Two main types: Competitive inhibitors – compete with substrate for active site. Non-competitive inhibitors – bind elsewhere on enzyme.

6. Activators / Cofactors: Some enzymes require metal ions or coenzymes (Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, NAD⁺).
These increase catalytic activity.

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