SEPERATION OF Pb²⁺ & Cd²⁺ IONS BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY|PBA PREPRATION|EXP:3|FBISE|CHEMISTRY|GRADE:10

Описание: SEPARATION OF Pb²⁺ & Cd²⁺ IONS BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
PBA Preparation | Experiment No. 3 | Chemistry | Grade 10 | FBISE
Objective

To separate lead (Pb²⁺) and cadmium (Cd²⁺) ions from a mixture using paper chromatography.

Apparatus

Chromatography paper

Beaker with lid

Capillary tube

Pencil and ruler

Glass rod

Solvent (mobile phase)

Mixture solution of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺

Spray reagent (for detection)

Chemicals Required

Lead nitrate solution (Pb²⁺)

Cadmium nitrate solution (Cd²⁺)

Suitable solvent (e.g., water + alcohol mixture)

Principle

Paper chromatography works on the difference in adsorption and solubility of substances.

The stationary phase is chromatography paper.

The mobile phase is the solvent.

Different ions move at different speeds.

Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ separate because they have different attraction toward paper and solvent.

The distance moved by each ion is measured using:

𝑅
𝑓
=
Distance moved by solute
Distance moved by solvent
Rf=
Distance moved by solvent
Distance moved by solute
​

Procedure

Cut a strip of chromatography paper.

Draw a pencil line about 2 cm from the bottom.

Put a small spot of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ mixture on the line using a capillary tube.

Place the paper in a beaker containing solvent (solvent level below the spot).

Cover the beaker and allow solvent to rise.

When solvent reaches near the top, remove the paper.

Mark the solvent front with pencil.

Dry the paper and spray with detecting reagent.

Observe separate spots of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺.

Calculate Rf values.

Observation

Two separate spots appear at different positions.

Each ion has a different Rf value.

Result

Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions are successfully separated by paper chromatography due to their different solubility and adsorption properties.

Precautions

Use pencil, not pen, to draw line.

Do not dip the spot in solvent directly.

Keep solvent level below the spot.

Handle chemicals carefully.

Conclusion

Paper chromatography is a simple and effective method to separate metal ions like Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in a mixture.

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