9. Translation 🧬⚡ | Protein Synthesis, Ribosomes & Genetic Code | High-Yield USMLE Step 1

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Translation 🧬⚡ | Protein Synthesis, Ribosomes & Genetic Code | High-Yield USMLE Step 1

This lecture explains translation, the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to synthesize proteins, a core and repeatedly tested topic in USMLE Step 1 molecular biology 🧬📚. Translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm and proceeds in three major stages—initiation, elongation, and termination—with protein synthesis occurring in the N-terminus to C-terminus direction while mRNA is read in the 5′→3′ direction ⚡. The lecture details the roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, start codon AUG, stop codons UAA, UAG, and UGA, and the A, P, and E sites of the ribosome 🔥. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation are clearly explained, including initiation factors, ribosomal subunits, and coupling with transcription in prokaryotes 🧠. High-yield clinical and pharmacological correlations include antibiotics that inhibit translation (tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides), diphtheria toxin, ricin, and disorders affecting translation machinery. By integrating molecular steps, ribosomal mechanics, and clinical relevance, this session builds strong conceptual clarity and rapid recall essential for USMLE Step 1 MCQs and integrated molecular biology questions ❤️✨.

#USMLE #USMLEStep1 #MolecularBiology #Biochemistry #Translation #ProteinSynthesis #Ribosome #GeneticCode #mRNA #tRNA #rRNA #StartCodon #StopCodons #Antibiotics #DiphtheriaToxin #HighYield #MedicalEducation #ConceptualMedicine