COMMAS ENCLOSE - NON-RESTRICTIVE ELEMENTS

Описание: COMMAS ENCLOSE NON-RESTRICTIVE ELEMENTS.
Non-restrictive phrases or clauses that are not essential to understanding the sentence. They can be removed from the sentence and not change the meaning of a sentence. They are not necessary for identification. Note: If you name an individual in a sentence and then add another structure such as an appositive, that second structure is not necessary, so it is non-restrictive.
RESTRICTIVE ELEMENT--a word group necessary for identification.
NON-RESTRICTIVE ELEMENT-- a word group which gives additional information but is not necessary for identification.

Sample: Bub, the big dude on the surfboard, is my cousin.  
The big dude on the surfboard is not necessary to identify who Bub is and should be enclosed in commas.
Sample: An orca, also called a killer whale, is a kind of dolphin. Also called a killer whale is not necessary; therefore, it is enclosed in commas.

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COMMAS -ENCLOSE the following:
11. Introductory clauses
12. Introductory verbal phrases
13. Appositives (usually)
14. Mild interjections
15. Nominatives (names)of address
16. Very short parenthetic expressions (asides by the author)
17. Transposed elements (words out of normal word order)
18. Every item after the first in a date or address
19. Contrasting expressions introduced by not
20. Non-restrictive phrases or clauses
RESTRICTIVE ELEMENT--a word group necessary for identification.
NON-RESTRICTIVE ELEMENT-- a word group which gives additional information but is not necessary for identification.

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