Percolation (Method of Extraction) = Practical Demonstration with Example

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Percolation
The word percolation means “pass-through”. Percolation implies a slow passage of the menstruum under the influence of gravity through the column of the drug powder and during this movement it goes on extracting the drug molecules layer-wise. In percolation, the drug plant material is exhaustively extracted by fresh solvent. The extraction is continued until the sufficient compound is extracted. If necessary, the same material can be re-extracted with a second solvent. There are three types of percolation.
1. Simple percolation (cold percolation)
2. Reserved percolation
3. Hot percolation
Examples: Preparation which is made by a simple percolation process.
Tincture of belladonna, Compound tincture of cardamom, Strong tincture of ginger
This method is suitable for heat-sensitive, hard, and woody drugs, but not suitable for drugs that may block the percolator. A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends) is generally used. The process consists of three stages:

1. Imbibition
Moistening the drug with a little menstruum for 4 hours. During this period the drug swells and menstruum penetrate the cell wall.
2. Maceration
The moistened drug is kept in contact with the menstruum for 24 hrs with occasional shaking were the menstruum dissolves and gets saturated with the crude drug's soluble constituents.
3. Percolation
It consists of the downward displacement of saturated menstruum (saturated solution) formed in the maceration and extraction of the remaining active constituents present in the drug by the slow passage of the menstruum through the column of the drug.

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