Atomic Bonds || Valence & Conduction Bands || Solid State Physics ||Basic Electronics

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Atomic Bonds || Valence & Conduction Bands || Solid State Physics ||Basic Electronics

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Atomic Structure || Solid State Physics || Basic Electronics || Electronics Components
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In this video you learn this,
Bonds in Solids:
• Three major types of atomic bonds created by the valence electrons
o Ionic Bonds:
 Two different atoms and are due to permanent transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another
 Very strong bond
 Bond between sodium and chlorine atoms during the formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) crystals
o Covalent Bonds:
 Two similar or dissimilar atoms
 Sharing of one or more valence electrons between the two atoms each of which tries to fill up its outermost orbit
o Metallic Bonds:
 Sharing of variable number of electrons by a variable number of atoms
 For example, copper (Cu) each atom loses its valence electron at room temperature and becomes positively charged ion
 Free electrons form a kind of electron cloud or gas which permeates all atoms
Valence and conduction Bands:
• Energy band occupied by the valence electrons – Valence band (highly occupied band)
o It may be either completely filled or partially filled with electrons but can never be empty
• Electrons which have left the valence band – Conduction Electrons
o Band occupied by these electrons – Conduction Band
o This band lies next to the valence band
o It may either be empty of partially filled with electrons
o The lowest unfilled energy band in an atom
o Electrons move freely and conduct electrical current through the solid
• Valence band and conduction band are separated by a gap known as forbidden energy gap
• Energy is required to lift an electron from the valence band, take it across the gap and put it in the conduction band

Conduction in solids:
• Current flow occurs in a given material when a voltage of suitable magnitude is applied to it which causes the charge carriers within the material to move in a desired direction
• This may due to one or both of the processes i.e electron motion and hole transfer
• Electron transfer from the negative terminal of the applied voltage to its positive terminal
• Hole transfer involves electrons in the valence band which are still attached to the atom


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