Hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃 2. Biliteral signs (part 1) 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓍼𓏤𓎔𓏛𓏮𓏏

Описание: 0:00 Intro
0:21 Phonetic complements
1:15 Biliteral signs
7:54 Outro

Notes on the pronunciation used in the video:
• The teacher speaks reconstructed Late Egyptian.
• Since some consonants drop or change in later periods, I used Old/Middle Egyptian for the examples in order for the transliteration to match the pronunciation.
• Not all words can be reconstructed with the same degree of certainty. For words lacking a Coptic descendant or attestation in other writing systems, I relied on previously established vowel patterns and cross-checked them against additional criteria, such as verbal derivation, grammatical category, and consonant count.

The CODE under each sign is the inventory number used in Sir A. Gardiner’s list of hieroglyphs (see thotsignlist.org).

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𓁹 Learn hieroglyphs IN ancient Egyptian:    • Learn Hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃 (in ancient Egyptian)  
𓁹 Dialogues in spoken ancient Egyptian:    • Dialogues 𓋴𓆓𓂧𓀁𓏪 in ancient Egyptian  

Grammars:
𓏛 ALLEN James P., Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2014
𓏛 MALAISE Michel, WINAND Jean, Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique, 1999
𓏛 JUNGE Friedrich, Late Egyptian Grammar, An Introduction, 2005 (available in German and English)
𓏛 NEVEU François, The Language of Ramesses, Late Egyptian Grammar, 1996 (available in French and English)

Phonology:
𓏛 PEUST Carsten, Egyptian phonology: an introduction to the phonology of a dead language, 1999
𓏛 LOPRIENO Antonio, Ancient Egyptian, A Linguistic Introduction, 1995
𓏛 ALLEN James P., The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, 2013
𓏛 NativLang’s ”What Ancient Egyptian Sounded Like, and how we know”    • What Ancient Egyptian Sounded Like - and h...  

Online Dictionaries and databases:
𓏛 thesaurus-linguae-aegyptiae.de
𓏛 ramses.ulg.ac.be

𓏞 Hieroglyphic word processor: jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org
𓏞 Hieratic: https://en.aku.uni-mainz.de/