Hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃 1. Phonograms (1) 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓍼𓏤𓁶𓏏

Описание: The grammar and vocabulary used come from Late Egyptian, the stage of the Egyptian language spoken during the New Kingdom (the time of Ramesses, Hatshepsut, and Akhenaten, to name a few), which allows for a slightly more accurate (or at least somewhat less speculative) reconstruction of what the language might have sounded like.
While the voices are currently artificial (something that may change in future videos), I’ve done my best to shape them (within the limits of synthetic speech and the absence of dedicated “Ancient Egyptian” voices and sounds) to reflect established research in Egyptian phonology as well as my own studies.

For the purposes of this video, some terms are used in a derived sense, as ancient Egyptian lacks (known) equivalents for linguistic vocabulary:
• “sound” and “phonogram”: while ḫrw DOES mean “sound,” it usually applies to voices and cries.
• consonant: lit. “sounds coming out of an obstructed throat“ (as a reference to the obstructed vocal tract enabling the production of consonants).
• Egyptians had no (known) name for their signs, nor did they write about them. When Montu-mose spells words, he uses the name of whatever the hieroglyph represents.
• Dates: Since “Old Kingdom,” “Middle Kingdom,” and similar terms are modern classifications by Egyptologists, I refer to prominent pharaohs when indicating dates.

00:00 Intro
00:28 Transliteration
00:38 Pronunciation
05:08 Types of phonograms
06:08 Uniliteral Signs
07:51 Outro

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Grammars I recommend:
𓏛 ALLEN James P., Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2014
𓏛 MALAISE Michel, WINAND Jean, Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique, 1999
𓏛 JUNGE Friedrich, Late Egyptian Grammar, An Introduction, 2005 (available in German and English)
𓏛 NEVEU François, The Language of Ramesses, Late Egyptian Grammar, 1996 (available in French and English)

Phonology:
𓏛 PEUST Carsten, Egyptian phonology: an introduction to the phonology of a dead language, 1999
𓏛 LOPRIENO Antonio, Ancient Egyptian, A Linguistic Introduction, 1995
𓏛 ALLEN James P., The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, 2013
𓏛 NativLang’s ”What Ancient Egyptian Sounded Like, and how we know”    • What Ancient Egyptian Sounded Like - and h...  

Online Dictionaries, lexicons, and databases:
𓏛 thesaurus-linguae-aegyptiae.de
𓏛 ramses.ulg.ac.be

𓏞 Hieroglyphic word processor: jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org
𓏞 More about hieroglyphs: thotsignlist.org