💯 Fractional Distillation of Petroleum #3/5 Catalytic Cracking | Energy

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the typical composition of fractions derived from petroleum distillation. The boiling ranges for various fractions vary slightly from one refinery to another. Naphtha is the remains of the gasoline fraction that is not used for petrol. The naphtha is used as a petrochemical feedstock to manufacture ethene by a process called ‘cracking’.

The proportion of gasoline derived from fractional distillation is too low to meet demand. Heavier fractions undergo further processing (‘cracking’) to break up the long chains into shorter chains suitable for petrol.

First-hand investigation - Fractional distillation

Aim

To use the process of fractional distillation to separate a mixture of ethanol and water.

Method

1 Set up the apparatus.
2 Place 100 mL of a 20:80 mixture of ethanol/water in the distillation flask.
3 Heat the flask until distillation begins. Continue to heat gently so that distillate collects continuously.
4 Collect 20 mL of distillate in a small beaker. Continue to collect 20 mL of distillate in separately labelled beakers. Note the temperature on the thermometer during the distillation.
5 Compare the compositions of each distillate with the original ethanol/water mixture by measuring the weights of 10.00 mL samples.

Typical results

The distillate fractions that are richer in ethanol will have the lowest weights for each 10.00 mL sample, as ethanol has a lower density (0.785 g mL-1) than water (1.00 g mL-1). As ethanol is more volatile than water, the first distillate fraction collected will have the highest percentage of ethanol and weigh the least because it has the lowest density. Once most of the ethanol has distilled over, the later fractions will be richer in water. None of the fractions will be pure ethanol or pure water due to the strong hydrogen bonding between ethanol and water which prevents complete separation of the components.