Italian stressed and unstressed pronouns | Direct and indirect object | Learn italian free lessons

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A pronoun, pronome, is a variable part of the speech. It is a word that takes the place of, or fulfils the function of a noun in certain specific circumstances.

Besides a noun, the pronoun can replace a group of words, an adjective, a phrase, another pronoun.

Pronouns can be classified in six categories:
personali (personal), relativi (relative)
dimostrativi (demonstrative), possessivi (possessive), indefiniti (indefinite), interrogativi (interrogative) ed esclamativi (exclamative).
Personal and relative pronouns have only a pronominal function; the others, depending on the circumstances, can also assume a adjectival function.


• Personal pronouns

They are indispensable. Personal pronoun, pronomi personali, indicate:
the person who speaks, prima persona, first person, singular or plural: io (I), noi (we);
the person who listens, seconda persona, second person, singular or plural: tu (you), voi (you);
the person or the thing the sentence is talking about, terza persona, third person, singular or plural: lui (him), lei (her), egli (him), ella (her), esso (it), essa (it), essi, esse, loro (them).

They can assume the function of:
subject, that is who is doing the action;
object, the element that is the target of an action.

Having the function of a complement, personal pronouns can have two forms:
• atona, unstressed;
• tonica, stressed.

Subject personal pronouns are often understood: the endings of italian verbs always show who the subject is, without the need for a pronoun. The use of pronouns is limited to situations where we need to give special emphasis to the subject.
For example: Andiamo a mangiare! (Let’s eat!) The implied subject is noi.

The object pronoun can represents a direct complement: the one who answers the question chi? (who?), che cosa? (what?)

For example: Francesca mi ha chiamato → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) me
Francesca ti ha chiamato → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) te
Francesca lo ha chiamato → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) lui
Francesca la ha chiamata → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) lei
Francesca ci ha chiamati → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) noi
Francesca vi ha chiamati → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) voi
Francesca li ha chiamati → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) loro
Francesca le ha chiamate → Francesca ha chiamato (chi?) loro

Important: unstressed personal pronouns are set before the verb; stressed ones are set after the verb.

Important: if the verb is an infinive, a participle or a gerund, an unstressed pronoun can be attached to it.
For example: Mandale un bacio da parte mia. (Give her a kiss by me.) Vederti mi fa star bene. (Seeing you make me feel good.) Parlandogli è diventato tutto più chiaro. (Talking to him made verything cleaner.)

Important: lo e la pronouns become l’ before a vowel starting word.
For example: Hai rotto tu il vaso? No, l’ha rotto Marco.
(Did you break the pot? No, Marco did.)

Object pronouns can represent indirect complements: that is, the ones answering the questions a chi?, con chi?, per chi?, di che cosa?, etc.

For example: Chiara mi ha parlato. → Chiara ha parlato (a chi?) a me.
Chiara ti ha parlato. → Chiara ha parlato (a chi?) a te.
Chiara le ha parlato. → Chiara ha parlato (a chi?) a lei.
Chiara gli ha parlato. → Chiara ha parlato (a chi?) a lui.
Chiara ci ha parlato. → Chiara ha parlato (a chi?) a noi.
Chiara vi ha parlato. → Chiara ha parlato (a chi?) a voi.
Chiara ha loro parlato → Chiara ha parlato (a chi?) a loro.

Anna è andata al cinema (con chi?) con lui.
Questo regalo è (per chi?) per loro.

Important: before a preposition stressed pronouns must be used.

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