The virtual orchestra of quantum mechanics

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In this journey towards Heisenberg's matrix formulation of quantum mechanics, here I present the idea of "virtual oscillators" that were hiding in Ladenburg quantum interpretation of dispersion. How Kramers extended Landebunrg's results, and set one of the basic components of Heisenberg's matrix mechanics.



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[References]

∘ A. Einstein, "Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung," Phys. Z. 18, 121 (1917)
∘ R. Ladenburg and F. Reiche, "Die quantentheoretische Deutung der Zahl der Dispersionselektronen," Z. Phys. 4, 451 (1921)
∘ R. Ladenburg, "Absorption, Zerstreuung und Dispersion in der Bohrschen Atomtheorie," Naturwissenschaften 11, 584 (1923)
∘ H. Kramers, "The Law of Dispersion and Bohr's Theory of Spectra," Nature 113, 673 (1924)
∘ G. Breit, "The Quantum Theory of Dispersion," Nature 114, 310 (1924)
∘ H. Kramers, Nature 114, 310 (1924)
∘ N. Bohr, "Über die Serienspektra der Elemente," Z. Phys. 2, 423 (1920)
∘ M. Born, "Über Quantenmechanik," Z. Phys. 26, 379 (1924)
∘ J. H. Van Vleck, "The absorption of radiation by multiply periodic orbits, and its relation to the correspondence principle and the Rayeigh-Jeans law," Phys. Rev. 24, 347 (1924)
∘ A. Landé, "Neue Wege der Quantentheorie," Naturwissenschaften 14, 455 (1926)
∘ R. Ladenburg, "Untersuchungen über die anomale Dispersion angeregter Gase," Z. Phys. 48, 15 (1928)
∘ H. Kopfermann and R. Ladenburg, "Experimental Proof of ‘Negative Dispersion’," Nature 122, 438 (1928)
∘ H. Kramers and W. Heisenberg, "Über die Streuung von Strahlung durch Atome," Z. Phys. 31, 681 (1925)


[Credits]

Werner Heisenberg, public domain
Rudolf Landeburg, public domain
Albert Einstein, AIP
Outing in Pontresina, AIP
Fritz Reiche, AIP
Simple harmonic oscillator by I. Airola under CC BY-SA 4.0
Spin angular momentum by T. Knott under CC BY-SA 4.0
Spinning basketball by P. Danilyuk, free use via Pexels https://www.pexels.com/video/spinning...
Niels Bohr, AIP
Hendrik Lorentz, public domain
Ludvig Lorenz by H. Valentiner, public domain
Wolfgang Pauli, AIP
Hendrik Kramers, AIP
Robert Oppenheimer and Gregory Breit, AIP
John Slater, public domain
John Van Vleck, AIP
Bethe-Slater curve by Zureks, public domain
Niels Bohr Institute, AIP
Max Born, public domain
Alfred Landé, AIP
Woman playing a violin, by Cottonbro Studio, free use on Pexels https://www.pexels.com/video/a-woman-...


AIP: American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
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