Mitochondria in Physiology: Structure, Functions, Energy Production and Clinical Significance

Описание: Mitochondria are double-membrane–bound organelles known as the “powerhouses of the cell.” They play a central role in cellular physiology by producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. The outer membrane is smooth and permeable to small molecules, while the inner membrane is highly folded into cristae, increasing surface area for energy-producing reactions. The inner compartment, called the matrix, contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes, allowing mitochondria to synthesize some of their own proteins.

Functionally, mitochondria are essential for aerobic respiration, regulation of metabolic pathways, calcium homeostasis, heat production in brown adipose tissue, and initiation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). They are also involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones and heme. Because of their role in energy metabolism, mitochondria are especially abundant in cells with high energy demands, such as muscle, nerve, and liver cells.

Clinically, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of disorders, including mitochondrial myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndromes, and aging. Understanding mitochondrial physiology is therefore crucial for appreciating normal cellular function as well as the pathophysiology of many diseases.

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