Bone in Physiology: Structure, Bone Cells, Bone Matrix, Functions and Clinical Importance

Описание: Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support, protects vital organs, facilitates movement with muscles, stores minerals, and houses bone marrow for blood cell formation. Structurally, bone is composed of compact bone, which offers strength and rigidity, and spongy (cancellous) bone, which provides flexibility and contains marrow spaces.

Bone cells play a crucial role in bone metabolism. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation by synthesizing the organic bone matrix. Osteocytes, derived from osteoblasts, maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral exchange. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption, essential for bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis.

The bone matrix consists of an organic component, mainly collagen fibers that provide tensile strength, and an inorganic component composed primarily of calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite), which give hardness and resistance to compression. Continuous remodeling of the bone matrix allows bones to adapt to stress, repair micro-damage, and regulate mineral balance.

Clinically, healthy bone physiology is essential for preventing disorders such as osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and fractures. Hormones like parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin play key roles in regulating bone growth, remodeling, and mineral metabolism.

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