Jain Councils, Agam Literature & Jainism vs Buddhism | Art & Architecture Explained | UPSC History

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In this comprehensive UPSC History lecture, we cover Jain Councils, Jain Literature (Agams), Jain Philosophy, and key differences between Jainism and Buddhism — highly relevant for UPSC Prelims, Mains, and Mock Interviews.

🧘 Jain Councils

First Jain Council – Held at Pataliputra under Sthulabhadra (3rd century BCE)

Second Jain Council – Held at Vallabhi (512 CE) under Devardhi Kshamashramana

Final compilation of Angas (Agam Literature)

📚 Jain Literature

Agams / Angas – Sacred Jain texts

Divided into:

Anga Agama (Internal teachings)

Anga Bahya Agama (External teachings)

Written by disciples (Ganadharas), not Tirthankaras

Important for UPSC PYQs

🆚 Jainism vs Buddhism

Key analytical differences discussed:

Concept of God

Varna System stance

Soul & Rebirth (Transmigration)

Ritual similarities with Hinduism

Role of women

Philosophical approach

🪔 Core Jain Philosophy

24 Tirthankaras

Three Ratnas – Right Faith, Knowledge, Conduct

Panch Mahavratas – Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha, Brahmacharya

Sects: Digambar & Shwetambar

Doctrines: Anekantavada & Syadvada

🏛️ Jain Art & Architecture

Cave architecture (monk residence):

Ellora Jain Caves

Mangi-Tungi

Gajapantha

Statues:

Bahubali (Karnataka)

Rishabhanatha statues

Temples (Jinalayas):

Dilwara Temple (Rajasthan)

Girnar Temple (Gujarat)

This session builds conceptual clarity for religious history, sects, literature, philosophy, and architecture — all crucial for UPSC preparation.

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