Biochemistry Chapter 7 | Oxidative Stress: PPP, Respiratory Burst, Ethanol Metabolism

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In this oxidative stress chapter, we break down the pentose phosphate pathway ie the HMP shunt and how it generates NADPH plus ribose 5 phosphate. We then connect NADPH to reduced glutathione, reactive oxygen species control, and major anabolic pathways that show up in board questions.

You will learn:
• Pentose phosphate pathway ie HMP shunt: makes NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate
• NADPH role: keeps glutathione reduced to detox free radicals
• G6PD deficiency: low NADPH leads to hemolytic anemia under oxidative stress
• Oxidative burst: NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase create ROS to kill bacteria
• CGD: defective NADPH oxidase, risk for catalase positive organisms
• Ethanol metabolism: increased NADH drives lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and fatty liver

⏱️ Timestamps
00:02 Bootcamp intro
00:41 Chapter roadmap
00:59 PPP makes NADPH + ribose 5 P
02:57 G6PD is rate limiting
08:24 NADPH keeps glutathione reduced
11:15 G6PD deficiency: hemolysis risk
13:47 Oxidative burst overview
15:24 NADPH oxidase start
16:04 Myeloperoxidase makes HOCl
22:35 CGD and catalase positive bugs
28:40 Ethanol metabolism overview
30:16 ADH makes NADH
30:58 CYP2E1 uses NADPH, increases ROS
37:25 Disulfiram reaction
38:50 High NADH effects: lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, fatty liver
50:25 Practice question: alcoholic ketoacidosis

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oxidative stress biochemistry, pentose phosphate pathway, HMP shunt, NADPH biochemistry, G6PD deficiency, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, oxidative burst, respiratory burst, NADPH oxidase, chronic granulomatous disease, nitroblue tetrazolium test, catalase positive organisms, myeloperoxidase, hypochlorite bleach, superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species ROS, pseudomonas pyocyanin, ethanol metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, MEOS pathway, disulfiram reaction, metronidazole disulfiram like, acetaminophen NAPQI, alcoholic ketoacidosis, NADH NAD ratio, lactic acidosis alcohol, hypoglycemia alcohol, fatty liver alcohol, USMLE Step 1 biochemistry, medschool biochem review