Vacuoles | Cell and subcellular organelle | Chapter 3: F.Sc. 1st Year Biology | Lec# 30

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10- Vacuoles
These are membrane-bounded sacs. Vacuoles are fluid filled single membrane
bounded organelles.
Plant vacuole.
Many plant cells have a large, single central vacuole.
Formation. Cells have many small vacuoles in their
cytoplasm, when a plant cell matures, this large vacuole
slowly develops by fusion of smaller vacuoles.
Volume. It takes up most of the space in the cell (80 percent or more).
Tonoplast. The vacuole in plant cells is enclosed by a membrane called
tonoplast.
Cell sap. The material inside the vacuole is called cell sap. The cell sap differs
markedly from the surrounding cytoplasm.
Functions of plant vacuole.
Vacuoles function in several ways. For example, in mature plant cells, a single
large vacuole provides structural support, as well as serves functions in storage,
waste disposal, protection, and growth.
Structural support. The central vacuole in plant cells plays an important
structural role for the plant.
Role of turgor pressure. This role of the vacuole is related to its ability to
control turgor pressure. Turgor pressure makes the rigidity of the cell which
helps maintain the structural integrity of the plant, along with the support
from the cell wall.
Development of Turgor Pressure. Under optimum conditions, a plant receives
adequate amounts of water and the central vacuoles of its cells swell as the
liquid collects within them. It creates a high turgor pressure.
Storage. Several materials commonly stored in plant vacuoles have been found
to be useful for hum`ans, such as opium, rubber, and garlic flavouring.
Role in Pollination. Vacuoles also often store the pigments that give certain
flowers their colours, which aid them in the attraction of bees and other in
plant cell pollinators.
Protection. Vacuoles also release molecules that are poisonous to various insects
and animals, thus discouraging them from consuming the plant.
Animal Cell Vacuoles.
These are much smaller, and are more commonly used to temporarily store
materials or to transport substances.