Peroxisomes, Glyoxisomes, cytoskeleton | Chapter 3: F.Sc. 1st Year Biology | Lec#29

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8- Peroxisomes
Discovery.
These were discovered by Christian de Duve, who also discovered lysosomes.
Structure.
Peroxisomes are single membrane bounded organelles in all eukaryotic cells.
Peroxisomes contain a variety of enzymes. Many of these enzymes are oxidative
that carry out oxidation i.e. the removal of electrons and hydrogens.
Functions.
Toxic Removal. These enzymes primarily function to get rid the cell of toxic
substances. Some peroxisomes, such as those in liver cells, detoxify alcohol and
other harmful compounds by carrying out their oxidation.
H2O2 Catabolism. Some peroxisomes contain catalase
enzymes, which break down hydrogen peroxide (a
common by product of cellular metabolism).
Abnormalities.
Defects in peroxisomes cause a number of metabolic disorders.
Zellweger syndrome.
Cause. The most serious of these disorders is Zellweger syndrome, which is
characterized by absence or reduced number of peroxisomes in the cells.
Incurable. It is congenital disorder (present at birth) and has no cure or
effective treatment and usually causes death within the first year of life.
9- Glyoxysomes
Occurrence.
Glyoxysomes are similar to peroxisomes but are found only in plant cells. They
are most abundant in the cells of lipid-rich seeds (e.g. castor beans and soya
beans).
Structure.
These organelles contain enzymes that convert lipids into carbohydrates.
Functions.
During germination, these organelles convert stored lipids into carbohydrates
that provide energy for seed germination.
11- Centrioles
Structure.
Centrioles are hollow and cylindrical organelles. A centriole is
made of nine triplets of microtubules.
Location.
In eukaryotic cells centrioles occur in pairs. The two centrioles
are located at right angles to one another near the nuclear
envelope.
Anchorage.
Each cilium and flagellum is anchored by a centriole, known as basal body.
Functions.
Spindle fibres. In the cells of animals and most protists, centrioles are
organelles associated with the assembly and organization of the fibres of
cytoskeleton i.e., microtubules (including spindle fibres).
Cells of plants and fungi lack centrioles and basal bodies, and their
microtubules and spindle fibres are organized from the structures of cytoplasm.
Formation of structures. In ciliated or flagellated cells centrioles are involved
in the formation of cilia and flagella.