Morton Kaplan in International Relations — Systems Theory | UPSC PSIR Optional

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This lecture explores Morton Kaplan’s systems approach, a behavioralist framework that applies systems theory to the study of international politics. Kaplan argued that the international system can be understood as a set of rules, structures, and patterns of interaction among states.
You’ll learn:
Core idea: IR should be studied scientifically, using models and systems analysis.
Kaplan’s six models of international systems:
Balance of Power System
Loose Bipolar System
Tight Bipolar System
Universal System
Hierarchical System
Unit Veto System
Key contributions: introduced scientific rigor into IR, emphasized prediction and structural analysis.
Applications: Cold War bipolarity, UN system, nuclear deterrence.
Critiques: too abstract, ignores values and ethics, limited empirical validation.
Exam strategy: define systems approach, explain Kaplan’s models, give examples, evaluate strengths/limits.
This lecture includes clear diagrams, real‑world examples, and UPSC/PSIR exam tips to help you frame answers with definitions, thinkers, examples, and balanced evaluation

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