The Minimalist Program 1.3.1 General Properties of Derivations and Representations

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This video introduces the Computational System in Principles-and-Parameters theory, focusing on how a grammar derives structured representations and how those representations are interpreted at the interfaces. We begin with the core architecture: an I-language consists of a Lexicon + Computational System, and its output is a set of structural descriptions (SDs) distributed across multiple representational levels. The video centers on “narrow syntax,” the derivational component relating D-Structure, S-Structure, and LF, while treating PF and LF as external interface levels and D-Structure as an internal interface between lexical information and syntactic computation. A guiding requirement is Full Interpretation (FI): interface representations must contain only interpretable elements—no superfluous symbols at PF/LF.

We then unpack what syntactic representations are made of: feature complexes (rather than unanalyzed category labels), including the familiar categorial decomposition N, V, A, P in terms of [+N/−N] and [+V/−V]. From these lexical terminals, the computational system projects structure, yielding maximal projections (XP) and establishing the two central relations of phrase markers: domination and linearity. This sets up foundational configurational notions—head/complement relations and parametric head–complement ordering (head-initial vs. head-final)—and introduces the key structural relation c-command (and its maximal-projection variant, m-command), which will later drive binding, scope, and locality effects across modules.

A major portion of the video clarifies the typology of empty categories (ECs) and how they support both movement-based and non-movement dependencies. We distinguish PRO (the controlled null subject of nonfinite clauses), pro (null pronouns licensed in “null subject” languages), and trace (t) left by movement—plus the idea of purely categorial empty targets inserted to host movement. We then connect ECs to interpretation: traces behave like variables or anaphor-like dependencies depending on what moved; PRO differs sharply from traces because it has independent argument status (θ-role) whereas raising/passive chains do not. This explains classic contrasts between control and raising, differences in modification (e.g., predicate adjectives like happy), and scope/reciprocal binding facts where an overt position matters even when θ-roles are inherited from the trace position.

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