Salient Features of Indian Constitution || Indian Polity || APPSC GROUP-2

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The Indian Constitution's salient features include being the world's longest written constitution, a blend of rigidity and flexibility, a federal system with a unitary bias, a parliamentary form of government, an independent and integrated judiciary, fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of state policy, a secular state, universal adult franchise, and single citizenship. It draws inspiration from various sources, establishing a comprehensive framework for governance and guaranteeing essential rights and freedoms to its citizens.
Key Features
Lengthiest Written Constitution: The constitution is the most extensive written constitution globally, containing detailed provisions for the governance of the country.
Drawn from Various Sources: It incorporates features from the constitutions of many countries, as well as the Government of India Act, 1935.
Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility: The constitution is both rigid in some aspects, requiring special procedures for amendment, and flexible in others, allowing for simpler modifications.
Federal System with Unitary Bias: It establishes a federal system with a strong central government and several unitary features, such as single citizenship.
Parliamentary Form of Government: India follows a parliamentary system inspired by the British Westminster model.
Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy: It balances the powers of the Parliament with the supremacy of the judiciary.
Rule of Law: All citizens are equal before the law and the constitution is the supreme law of the land.
Integrated and Independent Judiciary: The Indian judiciary is unified and independent, responsible for upholding the law and enforcing constitutional provisions.
Fundamental Rights: Part III of the constitution guarantees essential rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, and equality.
Directive Principles of State Policy: These are non-enforceable guidelines for the government to follow when creating policy, aimed at achieving social and economic justice.
Fundamental Duties: Part IV-A outlines the moral obligations of citizens towards the nation.
Secular State: The state does not favor any particular religion and treats all religions equally.
Universal Adult Franchise: All citizens aged 18 and above have the right to vote.
Single Citizenship: India has a system of single citizenship for all its citizens.
Independent Bodies: The constitution establishes various independent bodies to ensure checks and balances within the government.
Emergency Provisions: The constitution includes provisions for managing emergencies.
Three-tier Government: The structure of government is divided into central, state, and local (three-tier) systems.