Chemical Messengers: Plant and Animal Hormones

Описание: Control and Coordination – Plant and Animal Hormones

Control and coordination in living organisms is essential for maintaining proper functioning and balance within the body. In addition to the nervous system, hormones play a major role in regulating various life processes in both plants and animals. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced in one part of the body and transported to specific target organs or tissues where they bring about necessary responses.

In plants, coordination is brought about entirely through chemical substances called plant hormones or phytohormones. These hormones control growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli such as light, gravity, and touch. Important plant hormones include auxins, which promote cell elongation; gibberellins, which stimulate stem growth and seed germination; cytokinins, which promote cell division and delay aging; ethylene, which regulates fruit ripening; and abscisic acid, which inhibits growth and induces dormancy. Plant hormones work slowly but have long-lasting effects.

In animals, coordination is achieved through both the nervous system and the endocrine system. The endocrine system consists of various glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads, which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Animal hormones regulate vital functions like growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response, and maintenance of internal balance (homeostasis). For example, growth hormone controls body growth, thyroxine regulates metabolism, insulin controls blood sugar levels, and adrenaline prepares the body for emergency situations.

Thus, hormones in plants and animals ensure proper control and coordination by regulating activities in a slow but effective manner. They help organisms respond to internal changes and external environmental conditions, ensuring survival and healthy functioning.

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