Chapter 82 – Electoral Reforms | मतदान सुधार | Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth (7e) | Sunlo UPSC |

Описание: 🎧 सुनो और 📖 पढ़ो — ताकि आपकी पढ़ाई सही दिशा में और एक systematic तरीके से आगे बढ़े।
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📌 Timestamps – Navigate the Chapter with Ease:

COMMITTEES RELATED TO ELECTORAL REFORMS
0:07 – Introduction to reform committees & legislation

ELECTORAL REFORMS BEFORE 1996
0:36 – Voting age lowered to 18 (61st Amendment, 1988)
0:52 – Introduction of EPIC (1993)
1:10 – Higher security deposit (1988)
1:38 – Adjournment/countermanding for booth capturing (1989)
1:53 – Experimental EVM use (1989)

ELECTORAL REFORMS OF 1996
2:48 – Dry day: alcohol ban before polling
3:00 – Max two constituencies per candidate
3:11 – By-election within six months
3:27 – Disqualification for insulting national symbols
3:50 – Polling day declared holiday

ELECTORAL REFORMS AFTER 1996
2:04 – Widespread EVM adoption (from 1998)
3:57 – Candidate disclosures: assets, liabilities, criminal antecedents (2003)
4:38 – Rajya Sabha reforms: open ballot, no domicile (2003)
5:24 – Political funding transparency: donations of ₹20,000 and above (2003)

ELECTORAL REFORMS SINCE 2010
2:25 – VVPAT introduction (2013)
5:34 – Cash donation cap ₹2,000 (2017)
5:45 – Electoral Bonds launched (2017–18)
6:24 – Corporate donation cap removed (2017)
6:33 – NOTA option added (2013)
7:11 – Disqualification of convicted legislators (Lily Thomas, 2013)
7:47 – Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021: Aadhaar-Voter ID linking, multiple qualifying dates, gender-neutral service voter terms, EC premises powers

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
9:11 – Goals: fairness, transparency, participation
9:49 – Future challenges: technology, funding, misinformation

📝 Summary
Chapter 82 surveys India’s electoral reforms: committee reports, major legislative changes pre- and post-1996, and pivotal measures since 2010. Key milestones include lowering the voting age, EPIC rollout, EVM/VVPAT deployment, candidate asset disclosures, RS election reforms, NOTA, Electoral Bonds, and the 2021 Amendment. We conclude with reflections on ongoing challenges in technology, funding transparency, and safeguarding democratic integrity.

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