PA Zones and Front Fills - Live Sound Fundamentals from The Production Academy

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Even though large PA systems can have dozens of zones, they are usually managed individually by the system processor. It's not like we're sending discrete outputs from the console for each and every zone — we can easily use the Left-Right stereo send to feed things like delay speakers, out fills, balcony fills, etc.

For example, if we have a PA system at a large festival and need delay speakers to cover the back of the crowd, these will need specific processing (EQ, level, delay times). Instead of building that into every console being used at the festival, we would do it in the system processor so a stereo signal from a console (or iPad, etc.) will feed both the mains and delays.

However, we usually want more control with our front fills. These also need delay processing (which can still be done in the system processor), but the EQ and level might need to change quickly during a show to prevent feedback. Or, you might not want to use the full stereo mix — sometimes just sending vocals to the front fills works best.

So, the typical method for feeding PAs is in four zones: Left, Right, Subs, and Front Fills.

Of course, in live sound every situation is different. If you only have two speakers, you won't need sub or front fill sends. Or, if your system processor only has two inputs and you need to cover three PA zones (Left, Right, Subs) the subs would have to be matrixed in the processor.

Understanding the fundamentals lets you adapt your PA system to the configuration that works best for your situation. If you want more in-depth info for how PA systems are set up, you should take a look at our Essential Live Sound Training.