59 upcasting and downcasting in java

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in java, upcasting and downcasting are concepts related to type conversion in inheritance. upcasting refers to the process of converting a subclass reference to a superclass reference. this is done implicitly and is safe since the subclass object will always have the properties and methods of the superclass. upcasting allows for polymorphism, enabling a single method to operate on objects of different classes.

on the other hand, downcasting is the conversion of a superclass reference back to a subclass reference. this process must be done explicitly and carries potential risks, as not all superclass references can be safely cast to a subclass type. if the object being downcast is not an instance of the subclass, a `classcastexception` will be thrown at runtime. proper use of the `instanceof` operator is recommended before downcasting to ensure type safety and avoid runtime errors.
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