Transpersonal Psychology: Healing with Altered States of Consciousness (Nardini-Bubols et al., 2019)

Описание: This micro-lesson explores the use of Altered States of Consciousness in Clinical Psychotherapy & Transpersonal Counseling, focussing on Nardini-Bubols et al's 2019 Systematic Review.

I. Altered States of Consciousness (ASCs)
Qualitative deviations from normal waking consciousness; often profound.
Anthropoligical Constant: Present in 90% of all societies.
Central to healing ceremonies (globally).
Catalyzed by a range of exercises, practices, & interventions.

II. Transpersonal Psychology: Psychology's 4th Force
Studies altered states.
Builds on 3 Previous Ideas: Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanism.
Explores spiritual & transcendent sides of the human mind.

III. Altered States of Consciousness in Research
1902: Psychologist William James lays early groundwork for research.
1960s: Counterculture movement leads to Transpersonal Psychology.
2010s: Neuroimaging enables deeper investigation of altered states.
2019: Nardini-Bubols et al's 2019 Publication.

IV. Nardini-Bubols et al's 2019 Systematic Review
Included 14 empirical publications on ASC use in therapy (2000 - 2017).
615 publications exluded d/t lack of rigor.

V. Therapeutic Techniques
13 interventions used to induce altered states in the 14 included studies:
Hypnosis.
Holotropic Breathing.
Psychosynthesis.
Guided Imagery and Active Imagination.
Meditation and Non-Dual States.
The Ritual of Body Postures.

VI. Clinical Benefits & Evidence
Included studies highlighted benefits in a range of clinical contexts:
Substance Use Disorders: Significant ⬆ in recovery & abstinence.
Pain Management: Remission of physical pain & dystonia (case studies).
Chronic Illness: ⬆Quality of life & general health (Crohn's disease).
Mental Health: ⬇Anxiety, burnout, depression.
⬆ Self-awareness & relaxation.

VII. Contraindications & Safety
Critical safety & safety guidelines were reviewed. Studies suggest some techniques may be contraindicated. E.g., holotropic breathing & body posture rituals my be contraindicated for heart disease, hypertension, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, borderline personality disorder, pregnancy, recent surgeries, or acute injuries.

VIII. Therapist's Role
Spiritual Resonance
Ability to connect with spiritual beliefs to facilitate client process.
Ethical importance of:
(1) Maintaining boundaries.
(2) Not imposing religious beliefs on clients.

IX. Guidelines for Clinicl Research
Use rigorous experimental designs.
Conduct power analyses to enable statistical significance of findings.
Define concepts clearly.
Detail methods use.
Present clear guidelines for ethical boundaries.
Conduct baseline assessments for comparison.
Incorporate adequate controls.

X. Then to Now: Psychedelic Research Contributions
2020 - 2026: Re-Emerging Psychedelic Research explores altered states.
Assessment tools enable greater study of subjective experiences.
5-Dimensional Altered Sates of Consciousness Scale; 5D-ASC.
30-Item Mystical Experiences Questionnaire; MEQ-30.
Psychedelic studies link altered states to therapeutic outcomes.
Ko et al., 2022 & 2023: Systematic Review & Post-Hoc Analysis.
Kangaslampi, 2023 Comprehensive Review; Atiq et al., 2025.
See the NourishED Altered Staets Playlist for updates.

Nardini-Bubols, da Silva, Dos Santos-Silva, Stagnaro, Irigaray, & Alminhana, (2019). The Altered States of Consciousness in Transpersonal Approach Psychotherapy: Systematic Review and Guidelines for Research and Clinical Practice.

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