Equilibrium- Conjugate Base

Описание: Electrolyte-
Substances which undergo dissociation and conducts electricity in aqueous solution.
Example- HCl, HNO3, NaCl

Strong Electrolyte-
Substances which undergo complete dissociation into its ions.
NaCl, HCl
Weak Electrolyte-
Substances which undergo very less dissociation into its ions.
Oxalic acid, Acetic acid

Non- Electrolyte-
Substances which does not undergo dissociation and does not conducts electricity in aqueous solution.
Example- Sugar, Fructose, Sucrose


Arrhenius Concept-
Acid- substance which contain H and which when dissolved in water gives H+ ions.
Example- HCl, HCOOH, HNO3, H2SO4
Base- Substance which contain OH group and which when dissolved in water gives OH- ions.
Example-NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, LiOH

Limitations-
1. Limited to aqueous solution
2. Couldn't explain acidic character of non metal oxides like CO2, SO2, SO3
3. Couldn't explain basic character of metal oxides like Na2O, Li2O, MgO

Bronsted Lowry Concept-
Acid- Substances which donate proton.
Examples- Positively charged species like NH4+, H3O+ and Neutral species containing H like HCl, CH3COOH, HF, H2SO4, H2CO3

Base- Substances which accept proton
Examples- Negatively charged species like Cl-, F-, OH-, CH3COO-, HCO3-, HCOO- and lone pair containing compounds like NH3 and ROH

Limitations-
1. Couldn't explain why BF3, AlCl3 are acids
2. Reaction between Non metal oxides and metal oxides where there is no exchange of proton

Lewis Concept-
Acid- Substance capable of accepting electron pair
Examples- compounds with Incomplete octet like BF3, AlCl3, FeCl3, Cations like Na+, Ag+ and Compounds with empty d orbitals like SiF4, PF5, PCl5

Base- Substance capable of donating electron pair
Examples- Negative ions like F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, OH-, CN-, Neutral molecules having lone pair like NH3, RNH2, ROH