Human genome project | class 12

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This lecture is about
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

The human genome project is massive effort originally founded by the U.S. govern-
ment and now increasingly by U.S. pharmaceutical companies to map the human
chromosomes. Many non-profit and for profit biochemical laboratories around the
world are now involved in the project which has two primary goals.The first goal is to construct a genetic map of the human genome. The aim is to show
the sequence of genes along the length of each type of chromosome, such as de-
picted for the X chromosome in Fig 23.9. When the DNA sequence of human chro-
mosome no. 22, one of the smallest human chromosomes, was completed in 19.99,
it became possible for the first time to see exactly how genes are arranged along an
entire vertebrate chromosome. With the publication of the entire human genome in
2001, the genetic landscape of all human chromosomes suddenly came into sharp
focus. The sheer quantity of information provided by the human genome project is
unprecedented in biology. The human genome is 25 times larger than any other ge-
nome sequenced so far.
The map for each chromosome is presently incomplete, and in many instances scientists
rely on the placement of RFLPs. These sites eventually allow scientist to pinpoint disease
causing genes because a particular RFLP and a defective gene are often inherited
together. For example it is known that persons with Huntington disease have a unique
site where a restriction enzyme cuts DNA. The test for Huntington disease relies on this
difference from the normal.
The second goal is to construct a base sequence map. There are three billion base
pairs in the human genome and it is estimated it cohld take an encyclopaedia of 200
volumes, each with 1000 pages, to list all of these. Yet this goal has been reached and
all the chromosomes have been sequenced.