The Pope Who Sold Heaven to Build a Church

Описание: How did a Renaissance pope's desperate need for money to build a church lead to the sale of salvation, the rise of an unknown monk, and the permanent division of Christianity?





SOURCES & REFERENCES

Primary Historical Documents:
The Ninety-Five Theses (Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, October 31, 1517), Exsurge Domine (Papal Bull, June 15, 1520), Decet Romanum Pontificem (Papal Bull, January 3, 1521), Edict of Worms (May 25, 1521), Luther's German New Testament (September 1522), Complete German Bible (1534).

Church Councils:
Diet of Speyer (1526), Diet of Worms (April 1521), Council of Trent (1545-1563), Council of Hippo (393 AD), Council of Carthage (397 AD), Council of Constance (1414-1418), Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

Key Historical Figures:
Pope Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici), Martin Luther, Johann Tetzel, Albrecht of Brandenburg, Frederick III (Elector of Saxony), Jakob Fugger, Cardinal Thomas Cajetan, Johann Eck, Pope Julius II, Emperor Charles V, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, Henry VIII, Jan Hus, John Wycliffe, Girolamo Savonarola, Lorenzo de' Medici, Pope Innocent VIII, Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), Cardinal Alfonso Petrucci, Fra Mariano Fetti, Raphael Sanzio, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Albrecht Dürer, Katharina von Bora.

Jewish Historical Context:
Daniel Bomberg (first printed edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Venice 1519-1523), Bonet de Lattes (papal physician), Johannes Reuchlin (Christian Hebraist).

Artistic and Cultural References:
St. Peter's Basilica (completed 1626), Sistine Chapel ceiling, The School of Athens, The Disputation of the Sacrament, The Fire in the Borgo, Pietà (Michelangelo), Wartburg Castle, Hanno the elephant (gift from King Manuel I of Portugal, 1514).

Historical Events:
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (August 1572), Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Peace of Westphalia (1648), Sack of Rome (1527), Leipzig Debate (July 1519).

Modern References:
Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (Lutheran-Catholic, 1999), Pope Francis visit to Sweden (2016), Election of Pope Leo XIV (May 2025).








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