VooPoo VFL POD system A Football

Описание: VooPoo VFL POD system A Football
Original video is mentioned at the end of this description


Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants. Nicotine acts as an agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs),[4][5] except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist.[4] Nicotine is found in the leaves of Nicotiana rustica, in concentrations of 2–14%; in the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum; in Duboisia hopwoodii; and in Asclepias syriaca.[6]

Nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco.[7] It also occurs in edible plants, such as those in the family Solanaceae, which include eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes for example, but at trace levels generally under 200 nanograms per gram, dry weight (less than .00002%).[8][9][10] Nicotine functions as an antiherbivore chemical; consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past,[11][12] and neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, are widely used.

Nicotine is highly addictive.[13][14] An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine; in lesser doses of that order, the substance acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high amounts (50–100 mg) can be harmful.[15][16][17] Nicotine addiction and dependence involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, relapse after abstinence, physical dependence, psychological dependence, and drug tolerance.[1][2][18]

Beyond addiction, both short and long-term nicotine exposure have not been established as dangerous to adults,[19] except among certain vulnerable groups.[20] At sufficiently high doses, nicotine is associated with poisonings and is potentially lethal.[17][21] Nicotine as a tool for quitting smoking has a good safety history.[22] There is inadequate research to show that nicotine itself is associated with cancer in humans.[21] Nicotine in the form of nicotine replacement products poses less of a cancer risk than smoking.[21] Nicotine is linked to possible birth defects.[23] If exposed to nicotine during pregnancy, a child may have an increased risk later in life of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, neurobehavioral defects, respiratory dysfunction, and infertility.[22] The use of electronic cigarettes, which are designed to be refilled with nicotine-containing e-liquid, has raised concerns over nicotine overdoses, especially with regard to the possibility of young children ingesting the liquids.[24]

Psychoactive effects

Nicotine's mood-altering effects are different by report: in particular it is both a stimulant and a relaxant.[25] First causing a release of glucose from the liver and epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal medulla, it causes stimulation. Users report feelings of relaxation, sharpness, calmness, and alertness.[26]

When a cigarette is smoked, nicotine-rich blood passes from the lungs to the brain within seven seconds and immediately stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors;[27] this indirectly promotes the release of many chemical messengers such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, arginine vasopressin, serotonin, dopamine, and beta-endorphin in parts of the brain.[27][28] Nicotine also extends the duration of positive effects of dopamine and increases the sensitivity of the brain's reward system to rewarding stimuli.[29][30] Most cigarettes contain 1–3 milligrams of inhalable nicotine.[31][unreliable source?] Studies suggest that when smokers wish to achieve a stimulating effect, they take short quick puffs, which produce a low level of blood nicotine.[32][needs update]

Nicotine is unusual in comparison to most drugs, as its profile changes from stimulant to sedative with increasing dosages, a phenomenon known as "Nesbitt's paradox" after the doctor who first described it in 1969.[33][34] At very high doses it dampens neuronal activity.[35]
Medical
Main article: Nicotine replacement therapy
A 21 mg patch applied to the left arm. The Cochrane Collaboration finds that nicotine replacement therapy increases a quitter's chance of success by 50% to 70%.[36]

The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is in treating nicotine dependence in order to eliminate smoking with the damage it does to health. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through gums, dermal patches, lozenges, electronic/substitute cigarettes or nasal sprays in an effort to wean them off their dependence. Studies have found that these therapies increase the chance of success of quitting by 50 to 70%,[36] though reductions in the population as a whole have not been demonstrated.[37]
Enhancing performance

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