Brainstem stroke syndromes

Описание: Brainstem stroke syndromes are a set of specific symptoms caused by a stroke in the brainstem, with common examples including the Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome), Locked-in Syndrome, and Top-of-the-Basilar Syndrome. These syndromes have diverse presentations because the brainstem contains numerous critical cranial nerve nuclei and white matter tracts, and the specific symptoms depend on the exact location and blood vessel affected. Common symptoms include vertigo, ataxia, slurred speech, double vision, and decreased consciousness, while more severe cases can lead to locked-in syndrome.

Common brainstem stroke syndromes
Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg Syndrome): Often caused by a stroke in the lateral part of the medulla, this is the most common brainstem stroke syndrome. Symptoms include vertigo, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), slurred speech (dysarthria), ipsilateral (same side) ataxia, Horner's syndrome, and contralateral (opposite side) loss of sensation.
Locked-in Syndrome: Typically caused by a stroke in the basilar artery or pons, this severe condition leaves the person fully conscious but unable to move any part of their body except their eyes.
Top-of-the-Basilar Syndrome: Occurs when the stroke affects the upper part of the basilar artery. It can cause symptoms like visual disturbances, memory problems, and altered consciousness.
Pontine Syndromes: Strokes in the pons can cause a variety of syndromes depending on the affected area.
Inferior Medial Pontine Syndrome: Causes facial paralysis and weakness on the contralateral side of the body.
Raymond Syndrome: Affects the ipsilateral abducens nerve and the contralateral corticospinal tract.
Midbrain Syndromes: Strokes in the midbrain can lead to a variety of syndromes.
Weber Syndrome: A midbrain stroke that affects the cerebral peduncle and the third cranial nerve, resulting in ipsilateral third nerve palsy and contralateral hemiplegia.
Benedikt Syndrome: Causes ipsilateral third nerve palsy and contralateral tremor and ataxia.
Medullary Syndromes: Strokes in the medulla.
Babinski-Nageotte Syndrome: A more complex syndrome that affects the medulla and can have a variety of symptoms.