Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence / BPSC ECONOMICS optional, INDIAN ECONOMY

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A. Structure of the EconomyA. Structure of the Economy

Nature and Features of the Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence

Stagnant Economy: Causes and Characteristics

National Income Estimates and Debate (Dadabhai Naoroji, V.K.R.V. Rao, etc.)

Occupational Structure of India in 1947

Sectoral Composition: Agriculture, Industry, and Services

B. Agriculture

Condition of Indian Agriculture during British Rule

Land Tenure Systems: Zamindari, Mahalwari, and Ryotwari

Commercialization of Agriculture and Its Consequences

Famines and Food Insecurity under Colonial Rule

Decline of Handicrafts and Impact on Rural Economy

C. Industry and Infrastructure

Deindustrialization Debate and Causes

Emergence of Modern Industries: Cotton, Jute, Iron & Steel, and Plantation Industry

Industrial Policy of British Government and Its Impact

Infrastructure Development: Railways, Roads, Ports, and Communication

Role of Railways in Market Expansion and Integration

D. Trade and Finance

India’s Foreign Trade on the Eve of Independence

“Drain of Wealth” Theory – Dadabhai Naoroji and Others

Trade Composition and Direction under British Rule

Financial System: Currency, Banking, and Public Finance

Role of British Policies in Shaping India’s External Sector

E. Social and Developmental Aspects

Poverty, Inequality, and Unemployment during Colonial Rule

Demographic Features: Literacy, Life Expectancy, and Population Growth

Health and Education Status under the British

Regional Disparities and Uneven Development

Critical Appraisal: Positive and Negative Contributions of British Rule

Nature and Features of the Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence

Stagnant Economy: Causes and Characteristics

National Income Estimates and Debate (Dadabhai Naoroji, V.K.R.V. Rao, etc.)

Occupational Structure of India in 1947

Sectoral Composition: Agriculture, Industry, and Services

B. Agriculture

Condition of Indian Agriculture during British Rule

Land Tenure Systems: Zamindari, Mahalwari, and Ryotwari

Commercialization of Agriculture and Its Consequences

Famines and Food Insecurity under Colonial Rule

Decline of Handicrafts and Impact on Rural Economy

C. Industry and Infrastructure

Deindustrialization Debate and Causes

Emergence of Modern Industries: Cotton, Jute, Iron & Steel, and Plantation Industry

Industrial Policy of British Government and Its Impact

Infrastructure Development: Railways, Roads, Ports, and Communication

Role of Railways in Market Expansion and Integration

D. Trade and Finance

India’s Foreign Trade on the Eve of Independence

“Drain of Wealth” Theory – Dadabhai Naoroji and Others

Trade Composition and Direction under British Rule

Financial System: Currency, Banking, and Public Finance

Role of British Policies in Shaping India’s External Sector

E. Social and Developmental Aspects

Poverty, Inequality, and Unemployment during Colonial Rule

Demographic Features: Literacy, Life Expectancy, and Population Growth

Health and Education Status under the British

Regional Disparities and Uneven Development

Critical Appraisal: Positive and Negative Contributions of British Rule