Neurobiological Impact of Stimulants Depressants and Hallucinogens

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Neurobiological Impact of Stimulants Depressants and Hallucinogens
Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP

Objectives
Define stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens
Discuss
Mechanism of action
Symptoms of intoxication
Symptoms of withdrawal
Short and long term effects

See also https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics...

Tolerance and Withdrawal
All psychoactive drugs cause alterations in the neurotransmitter balance.
Through exposure to either persistent or abnormally high levels of a substance
Bodily tissues develop resistance to prevent system overload. (ice cubes in the bath)
The body responds by increasing “balancing” neurotransmitters. (turn up the water heater)
Once the body has come to depend on the higher level of the substance, when it is withdrawn, then the “balancing neurotransmitters” exert their effect.
Intro
Method of administration greatly effects the intensity and duration of onset for various drugs
Oral (slowest)
Inhalation/Snorting
Inhalation/Smoking
Injection
Rectal suppository
Skin patches (pain relief, smoking cessation)
Intro
Drugs affect everyone differently, based on:
Size, weight and health (cardiac, thyroid, biological neurotransmitter levels)
Whether the person is used to taking it
Whether other drugs are taken concurrently
The amount taken
The strength of the drug (varies from batch to batch with illegally produced drugs)
What are Stimulants
Stimulants are substances that act to excite the central nervous system (HPA-Axis)
Caffeine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, ADHD, narcolepsy, and occasionally depression

What are Depressants
Depressants exert the opposite effect of stimulants.
They s-l-o-w everything down
Mechanism of Action
Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA, and inhibition of glutamatergic or monoaminergic (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) activity

What are Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens cause profound distortions in a person’s perceptions of reality.
Some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) are hallucinogenic, but hallucinogens can also be man-made
Commonly divided into two broad categories
Classic hallucinogens (such as LSD)
Dissociative drugs (such as PCP).
Dissociatives
Ketamine—also known as K, Special K, or cat Valium—is odorless and tasteless and has amnesia-inducing and dissociative properties. (Can facilitate sexual assault.)
DXM (Dextromethorphan)—also known as robo—is a cough suppressant and expectorant
Salvia divinorum—also known as diviner’s sage—is a psychoactive plant typically ingested by chewing fresh leaves or by drinking their extracted juices.
What are Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens interfere with the action serotonin and/or glutamate, which regulate:
Mood
Sensory perception and response
Sleep
Hunger
Body temperature
Sexual behavior
Muscle control
Pain perception
Learning and memory

Summary
Stimulants range from caffeine to methamphetamine and “amp up” the system
Opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, inhalants are all CNS depressants
Combinations of depressants have an exponential additive effect
Evaluate patients for exposure to all CNS depressants intentional and incidental
Hallucinogens include LSD, PCP, Peyote, Ketamine and Dextromethorphan
Recent research has indicated that HPPD is not due to “traces of the drug being freed up”

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