Ocular Infections | Loiasis

Описание: Learn about the basics of ophthalmology in this lecture. Ocular infections are explained with key points to help medical students of ophthalmology.

But what are ocular infections? If you have ever had “pink eye”, then you have had the most common type of ocular or eye infection. In medical terms, “pink eye” is also called bacterial conjunctivitis.

▬ 📌 Ophthalmology Anatomy of Eye Infections
To understand the common sites of ocular infections, we need to revert to ophthalmology anatomy and keep the following 5 sites in mind:
✨ Conjunctivitis – refers to the inflammation of conjunctiva
✨ Keratitis – Inflammation of Cornea
✨ Blepharitis – Inflammation of Eyelids
✨ Keratoconjunctivitis – Inflammation of Cornea and Conjunctiva
✨ Dacryocystitis – Inflammation of Lacrimal sac

▬ 📌 Conjunctivitis; Pink Eye
Ocular infections are said to affect the conjunctiva most frequently, hence causing conjunctivitis. Do not worry, in this ophthalmology lecture, the most common forms of conjunctivitis are explained comprehensively.

Conjunctivitis etiology is usually of four types, let us summarize these here:
🟠 Bacterial conjunctivitis – comes under the category of ocular bacterial infections. It is caused by bacterial species of Moraxella specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are said to be the most common causative agents

🟠 Viral conjunctivitis– Uncertain causative viruses may lead to this type of viral ocular infection, usually these resolve on their own within a week or two

🟠 Allergic conjunctivitis – Due to frequent usage of contact lenses any environmental factor may also play an important part in its causation.

▬ 📌 Ocular Viral infections associated with Adenovirus
A detailed ocular examination of the eye to look for ocular viral infections will indicate lymphadenopathy and palpable clear swelling.

Almost half of strains of Adenoviruses 88 are involved in ocular viral infections. The typically involved viral strains are as follows:
📍 Human adenovirus B 3
📍 Human adenovirus B 7
📍 Human adenovirus B 11
📍 Human adenovirus D 19
📍 Human adenovirus D 37
📍 Treatment is only symptomatic but steroidal drugs are avoided for it.

▬ 📌 Ocular Viral Infections of Herpes Simplex Virus
Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) may lead to another type of ocular viral infection, as explained in this lecture. If caused, the infection has a relapse every 4 years and may form dendritic ulcers in the eye.

An ulcer may later develop into a severe form of infection that shows:
🟢 Inflammation in deeper tissues
🟢 Keratitis
🟢 Corneal Edema
🟢 Opacity of eye

▬ 📌 How does Trachoma Occur?
Trachoma is a form of keratoconjunctivitis that is named after its causative agent i.e., Chlamydia trachomatis. Trachoma comes under the umbrella of bacterial ocular infections. It occurs due to poor hygienic and social conditions as it provides a good medium to bacteria for its growth.

In this medical lecture, it is explained that trachoma can be treated with oral macrolides e.g., Azithromycin.

▬ 📌 Causes of Endophthalmitis; Ex. Ocular Streptococcal Infections
Endophthalmitis can be explained as the inflammation of the interior cavity of the eye. Let us learn in this ophthalmology lecture that endophthalmitis is caused by to following reasons:
🟠 Early-postoperative infections
🟠 Late-postoperative infections
🟠 Post-traumatic infections
🟠 Endogenous infections

▬ 📌 Protozoan Amoebae Infecting Eye
Acanthamoeba usually causes protozoal infection of the eye and usually leads to keratitis related to acanthamoeba. People who wear contact lenses are more prone to this infection as the protozoa reside in the space between the contact lens and the cornea.

Drugs that aid in the treatment are listed below:
🔵 Polyhexamethylene Biguanides
🔵 Chlorhexidine
🔵 Clotrimazole
🔵 Itraconazole

▬ 📌 African Eye Worm Infection (Loiasis)
Loa loa is commonly called an African eye worm due to its location fixated in the Central West. It is a helminth that causes Loiasis and can live inside the human body and be used as a host for up to years.

Most travelers carry this infection from that region, and it is mostly treated by washing out worms inside the eye and using an anthelmintic called albendazole.

Hope you were able to take this text as a guide, as you watched this ophthalmology lecture detailing different Ocular Infections.

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