Cranial Nerve Pathways Explained | Motor, Sensory & Autonomic

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The cranial nerves can be overwhelming to learn, but this video makes the pathways clear. We’ll walk through all 12 cranial nerves, showing how they carry motor, sensory, special sensory, and parasympathetic fibers.

You’ll see how each nerve travels, where it exits the skull, and which structures it innervates:
Olfactory & Optic nerves for smell and vision
Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens for eye movements
Trigeminal nerve (V1, V2, V3) for facial sensation and mastication
Facial nerve for taste, glands, and facial expression
Vestibulocochlear nerve for hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal & Vagus nerves for swallowing, taste, and parasympathetic control
Accessory & Hypoglossal nerves for head, neck, and tongue muscles

This lesson is a great review once you’ve studied the individual cranial nerves in detail. It ties everything together so you can see the full picture.

⏱️ Time Stamps

0:00 – Intro: Cranial nerve pathways overview
0:21 – Legend: motor, sensory, special sensory, parasympathetic fibers

CN I – Olfactory nerve
1:03 – Olfactory pathway (nasal mucosa → olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → cortex)

CN II – Optic nerve
1:44 – Optic pathway (retina → optic canal → optic chiasm → optic tract → LGN → visual cortex)

CN III – Oculomotor nerve
2:33 – Motor innervation to extraocular muscles
3:18 – Parasympathetic pathway (ciliary ganglion → ciliary body, sphincter pupillae)
4:13 – Sympathetic pathway to eye (internal carotid plexus → dilator pupillae, ciliary body)

CN IV – Trochlear nerve
5:57 – Superior oblique muscle (down and lateral eye movement)

CN VI – Abducens nerve
6:21 – Lateral rectus muscle (abduction of the eye)

CN V – Trigeminal nerve
7:25 – Trigeminal nerve overview (V1, V2, V3 divisions)
7:48 – V1 Ophthalmic division (branches: frontal, nasociliary, lacrimal)
8:41 – V2 Maxillary division (foramen rotundum → pterygopalatine ganglion → branches)
10:09 – V3 Mandibular division (sensory and motor branches; mastication muscles)

CN VII – Facial nerve
11:08 – Pathways overview (lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, palate glands)
12:07 – Greater petrosal nerve → pterygopalatine ganglion → lacrimal gland
13:10 – Chorda tympani → submandibular ganglion → submandibular & sublingual glands
13:31 – Taste from anterior 2/3 tongue (via chorda tympani + lingual nerve)
14:00 – Motor branch (muscles of facial expression)
15:06 – Sensory branch (external ear & tympanic membrane)

CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear nerve
15:53 – Cochlear branch (hearing) and vestibular branch (balance & equilibrium)

CN IX – Glossopharyngeal nerve
16:35 – Motor to stylopharyngeus
17:23 – Special sensory: posterior 1/3 tongue taste; carotid body/sinus
18:07 – General sensory: pharyngeal mucosa & posterior tongue
19:06 – Tympanic nerve → tympanic plexus → middle ear mucosa
19:57 – Parasympathetic pathway: lesser petrosal nerve → otic ganglion → parotid gland

CN X – Vagus nerve
20:46 – Parasympathetic to thoracic & abdominal viscera
22:09 – Sensory: superior laryngeal & recurrent laryngeal nerves
23:00 – Motor: external laryngeal (cricothyroid) & recurrent laryngeal (larynx muscles)
23:30 – Pharyngeal branches → pharyngeal constrictors & palate muscles

CN XI – Accessory nerve
24:02 – Motor to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius

CN XII – Hypoglossal nerve
24:33 – Motor to tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)
25:23 – C1 fibers joining hypoglossal (ansa cervicalis, geniohyoid, thyrohyoid)

25:49 – Wrap-up and review

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