The Antonia Fortress: Military Headquarters Overlooking Temple Mount, Trial of Jesus, Jerusalem

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The Antonia Fortress was a military headquarters and barracks built to protect the Temple Mount. Later, it was renovated by the Hasmoneans (164 BC) and Herod the Great (19 BC) to protect the Temple Mount area and the city of Jerusalem. It was named after Herod's patron, Mark Antony. Some believe Jesus appeared before Pilate here and was condemned to death by crucifixion.

Location
1. The Antonia Fortress was located just outside the Temple Mount area on its northwestern side.
2. Today, there is a school and a Convent of the Sisters of Zion that lies atop the ruins.
3. Part of the ruins of the Antonia Fortress can be accessed through the Convent of the Sisters of Zion.
4. The Antonia Fortress is the believed beginning place of the Via Dolorosa (painful path).
Historical Background
1. The Antonia Fortress was a military headquarters and barracks built by Herod the Great in 19 BC to protect the Temple Mount area and the city of Jerusalem. It was named after Herod’s patron, Mark Antony.
2. Jesus appeared before Pilate here and was condemned to death by crucifixion.
3. Some believe that Pilate’s Headquarters were at his palace located on the northern side of Jerusalem by the Jaffa Gate. However, in the biblical account, there are references to soldiers being present, and other details which seems to indicate Pilate’s Headquarters were at the Antonia Fortress.
4. Some believe that the Antonia Fortress encompassed all the current Temple Mount and that the original Temple Mount was in the City of David. However, Scripture clearly states that at the dedication of the temple that Solomon built, in 2 Chronicles 5, that the Ark of the covenant was brought, “out of the City of David” to the temple. “Then Solomon assembled to Jerusalem the elders of Israel and all the heads of the tribes, the leaders of the fathers’ households of the sons of Israel, to bring up the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of the City of David, which is Zion” (2 Chron. 5:2). If the Ark was brought out of the City of David to the temple, then the temple couldn't have been in the City of David. There is also overwhelming historical and archaeological evidence, and the writings of the famous Jewish historian, Flavius Josephus, that contradict the belief that the Antonia Fortress encompassed all the Temple Mount.
Places of Interest
1. Ecce Homo Arch (behold the man)
2. Convent of the Sisters of Zion
3. Cistern hewed out of the rock
4. Pavement stones with Roman carved games on them
5. Pavement stones with carved grooves
6. Mural of Jesus bearing His cross