Changes in india 1980

Описание: Major Changes in Indian Politics After 1980
1. Decline of One-Party Dominance
Before 1980, the Indian National Congress dominated politics.
After 1980, its dominance weakened.
Opposition parties became stronger at national and state levels.
2. Rise of Regional Parties
Regional parties gained importance in states.
Examples: DMK, AIADMK, TDP, Akali Dal, SP, BSP.
State issues and regional identities became politically important.
3. Beginning of Coalition Politics
No single party got a clear majority after 1989.
Coalition governments became common at the Centre.
Example: National Front, United Front, NDA, UPA governments.
4. Growth of Caste-Based Politics
Political mobilization based on caste identities increased.
Implementation of Mandal Commission (1990) reservations strengthened OBC politics.
Backward classes gained political representation.
5. Rise of Identity and Religious Politics
Religion became an important political factor.
Ram Janmabhoomi movement increased religious mobilization.
Growth of Hindu nationalist politics.
6. Economic Liberalization (1991)
Government introduced economic reforms:
Liberalization
Privatization
Globalization (LPG reforms)
Shift from state-controlled economy to market-oriented policies.
7. Expansion of Media and Political Communication
Television, newspapers, and later social media influenced elections.
Political campaigns became more professional and mass-oriented.
8. Increased Role of Youth and New Voters
Young voters became a decisive electoral force.
Political parties began focusing on employment, education, and development issues.
9. Strengthening of Electoral Competition
Elections became more competitive.
Regional alliances and vote-bank politics increased.
10. Federalism Became Stronger
States gained more bargaining power due to coalition governments.
Centre–State relations became more balanced.