UA.IV.A.K1 Drone Certification 2019 - General loading and performance

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UA.IV.A.K1 General loading and performance
Source [AC 107-2: B.2.1, PH: 5-1 to 5-6, 5-22, 5-25 to 26 & 5-36]

Forces on aircraft
The four forces acting on an aircraft in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight are thrust, drag, lift, and weight. Understanding how these forces work and knowing how to control them with the use of power and flight controls are essential to flight. This section discusses the aerodynamics of flight—how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft during flight maneuvers. They are defined as follows:
Thrust—the forward force produced by the powerplant/ propeller or rotor. It opposes or overcomes the force of drag. As a general rule, for the traditional aircraft style, it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis. However, this is not always the case with a symmetrically designed UA.
Drag—a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, rotor, fuselage, and other protruding objects. As a general rule, drag opposes thrust and acts rearward parallel to the relative wind.
Lift—is a force that is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil and acts perpendicular to the flight path through the center of lift (CL) and perpendicular to the lateral axis. In level flight, lift opposes the downward force of weight.
Weight—the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage. Weight is a force that pulls the aircraft downward because of the force of gravity. It opposes lift and acts vertically downward through the aircraft’s center of gravity (CG).

Steady flight: all is zero
In steady flight, the sum of these opposing forces is always zero. There can be no unbalanced forces in steady, straight flight based upon Newton’s Third Law, which states that for every action or force there is an equal, but opposite, reaction or force. This is true whether flying level or when climbing or descending. It does not mean the four forces are equal. It means the opposing forces are equal to, and thereby cancel, the effects of each other.

Angle of attack (AOA)
The AOA is defined as the acute angle between the chord line of the airfoil and the direction of the relative wind.


Axes of an Aircraft
The axes of an aircraft are three imaginary lines that pass through an aircraft’s CG. The three axes pass through the CG at 90° angles to each other. The motion about the aircraft’s longitudinal axis is “roll,” the motion about its lateral axis is “pitch,” and the motion about its vertical axis is “yaw.” Yaw is the left and right movement of the aircraft’s nose. The three motions of the conventional airplane (roll, pitch, and yaw) are controlled by three control surfaces. Roll is controlled by the ailerons; pitch is controlled by the elevators; yaw is controlled by the rudder.

Stalls
An aircraft stall results from a disruption of the smooth air flow over the wings and a rapid decrease in lift.

Load Factors
In aerodynamics, the maximum load factor (at given bank angle) is a proportion between lift and weight and has a trigonometric relationship. The load factor is measured in Gs (acceleration of gravity), a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity on a body at rest and indicates the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated. Any force applied to an aircraft to deflect its flight from a straight line produces a stress on its structure. The amount of this force is the load factor.

Weight and Balance (W&B)
Before any flight, the Remote PIC should verify the aircraft is correctly loaded by determining the W&B condition of the aircraft.
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