Khuddaka Nikaya, ඛුද්දක නිකාය 01 (ඛුද්දකපාඨ සහ ධම්මපද)

Описание: The Khuddakapāṭha (Pali for "short passages"; abbreviated as "Khp") is a Theravada Buddhist scripture, the first collection of discourses (suttas) in the Khuddaka Nikāya of the Pali Canon. It may have originated as a handbook for novice monks composed from excerpts of canonical texts.

History
The Khuddakapāṭha was excluded from the lists of canonical texts collected by the Theravada Digha- and Majjhima-bhanakas as well as the Chinese translation of Buddhaghosa's commentaries.[1] This suggest that the Khuddakapāṭha had not attained canonical status until relatively late in the process of fixing the Theravada canon, and may be one of the last texts added to the Canon itself.

All but one of the discourses it collects are found elsewhere in the Pali Canon- the Nidhi Kanda is not extant in the current Pali Canon but does include text [Khp 8.9] quoted in the Abhidhamma Pitaka's Kathavatthu. It may have originated as a handbook for novices composed from excerpts from the canon, and was accepted as canonical because it consisted of texts that were already part of the Canon.[1] The Khuddakapāṭha is not widely used or studied in modern Theravada countries, but several of its texts are included in a common Paritta collection (the Maha Pirit Potha), suggesting that this collection originated with the Khuddakapāṭha or a precursor text.[2]

Contents
The collection is composed of the following nine discourses:

"Going for Refuge" (Saranattayam)
"Ten Precepts" (Dasasikkhapadam)
"Thirty-two Parts [of the Body]" (Dvattimsakaro)[3]
"Novice's Questions" (Kumarapanha)
"Discourse on Blessings" (Mangala Sutta)
"Discourse on Treasures" (Ratana Sutta)
"[Hungry Shades] Outside the Wall Chapter" (Tirokutta Sutta)
"Reserve Fund Chapter" (Nidhikanda Sutta)
"Discourse on Lovingkindess" (Metta Sutta)

The Dhammapada (Pali: धम्मपद; Sanskrit: धर्मपद, romanized: Dharmapada) is a collection of sayings of the Buddha in verse form and one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures.[1] The original version of the Dhammapada is in the Khuddaka Nikaya, a division of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism.

The Buddhist scholar and commentator Buddhaghosa explains that each saying recorded in the collection was made on a different occasion in response to a unique situation that had arisen in the life of the Buddha and his monastic community. His translation of the commentary, the Dhammapada Atthakatha, presents the details of these events and is a rich source of legend for the life and times of the Buddha.[2]

Etymology
The title "Dhammapada" is a compound term composed of dhamma and pada, each word having a number of denotations and connotations. Generally, dhamma can refer to the Buddha's "doctrine" or an "eternal truth" or "righteousness" or all "phenomena";[3] at its root, pada means "foot" and thus by extension, especially in this context, means either "path" or "verse" (cf. "prosodic foot") or both.[4] English translations of this text's title have used various combinations of these and related words.[5][6]

History
According to tradition, the Dhammapada's verses were spoken by the Buddha on various occasions.[7] Glenn Wallis states: "By distilling the complex models, theories, rhetorical style and sheer volume of the Buddha's teachings into concise, crystalline verses, the Dhammapada makes the Buddhist way of life available to anyone...In fact, it is possible that the very source of the Dhammapada in the third century B.C.E. is traceable to the need of the early Buddhist communities in India to laicize the ascetic impetus of the Buddha's original words."[8] The text is part of the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Sutta Pitaka, although over half of the verses exist in other parts of the Pali Canon.[9] A 4th or 5th century CE commentary attributed to Buddhaghosa includes 305 stories which give context to the verses.

The Pāli Dhammapada is one of the most popular pieces of Theravada literature.[1] It is the oldest available manuscripts date to 1500 CE. A compiler is not named.[10] A critical edition of the Dhammapada in Latin was produced by Danish scholar Viggo Fausbøll in 1855, becoming the first Pali text to receive this kind of examination by the European academic community.[11]

Parallels
Although the Pāli edition is the best-known, a number of other versions are known:

"Gāndhārī Dharmapada" – a version possibly of Dharmaguptaka or Kāśyapīya origin[13] in Gāndhārī written in Kharosthi script[14]
"Patna Dharmapada" – a version in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit,[15] most likely of the Sāmatiya sect[16]
"Udānavarga" – a seemingly related Mula-Sarvastivada or Sarvastivada text[17][18] in
3 Sanskrit versions
a Tibetan translation,[19] which is popular in traditional Tibetan Buddhism
"Mahāvastu" – a Lokottaravāda text with parallels to verses in the Pāli Dhammapada's Sahassa Vagga and Bhikkhu Vagga.[20]
"FaJuJing 法句经" – 4 Chinese works;