Intellectual Disability //ID / RPWD Act 2016

Описание: Intellectual Disability (ID) - Notes
Definition
Intellectual Disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning (IQ below 70) and adaptive behavior (daily living skills). These limitations appear before the age of 18 and impact learning, problem-solving, reasoning, and social skills.

Causes of Intellectual Disability
Genetic Factors

Down Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Prenatal Causes (Before Birth)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Maternal infections (e.g., rubella, syphilis)
Malnutrition during pregnancy
Perinatal Causes (During Birth)

Premature birth
Lack of oxygen (birth asphyxia)
Low birth weight
Postnatal Causes (After Birth)

Traumatic brain injury
Infections (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis)
Lead poisoning
Levels of Intellectual Disability
Mild (IQ 50-70)

Can learn academic skills up to grade 6 level
Can live independently with minimal support
May need help with complex tasks
Moderate (IQ 35-49)

Basic reading and writing skills
Can do simple daily activities with supervision
Needs support in social and work settings
Severe (IQ 20-34)

Limited speech and communication
Requires supervision for most tasks
Can learn simple self-care skills
Profound (IQ below 20)

Very limited communication and mobility
Needs constant supervision and support
May have multiple disabilities
Characteristics of Intellectual Disability
Cognitive Delays (slow learning, difficulty in problem-solving)
Communication Difficulties (limited vocabulary, difficulty understanding instructions)
Social Challenges (trouble making friends, low confidence)
Motor Skill Delays (poor coordination, slow physical development)
Adaptive Behavior Deficits (difficulty in daily living activities like dressing, hygiene, cooking)
Assessment and Diagnosis
IQ Tests (e.g., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
Adaptive Behavior Tests (e.g., Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales)
Medical and Developmental History
Educational Strategies for Children with ID
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Multi-Sensory Teaching Approaches (visual aids, hands-on learning)
Repetition and Reinforcement (practice skills multiple times)
Task Breakdown (teaching in small, manageable steps)
Use of Assistive Technology (text-to-speech software, communication boards)
Social and Life Skills Training (personal hygiene, money management)
Intervention and Support
Special Education Programs
Speech and Occupational Therapy
Behavioral Therapy (ABA Therapy)
Vocational Training for Independent Living
Family and Community Support
Rights and Legal Provisions
RPWD Act, 2016 (India) (Education, employment, and social security rights)
IDEA (USA) (Right to free and appropriate education)
Government Schemes for PwDs (scholarships, job reservations, skill training)
Conclusion
Intellectual Disability is a lifelong condition, but with proper education, therapy, and support, individuals with ID can lead meaningful and productive lives. Early intervention, family involvement, and inclusive education play a crucial role in their development.

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