IGCSE Chemistry Chapter 1: States Of Matter Summarized

Описание: 1. States of Matter
Three states:

Solid – fixed shape, fixed volume, particles in a regular arrangement, vibrate in place.

Liquid – fixed volume, takes shape of container, particles close but can slide over each other.

Gas – no fixed shape or volume, particles far apart, move freely at high speed.

Changes of state: melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation.

Melting/boiling point: temperature where a substance changes state.

2. Kinetic Particle Theory
Explains states of matter by movement and arrangement of particles.

Solid – strong forces, low energy, vibrate.

Liquid – weaker forces, more energy, slide past each other.

Gas – negligible forces, high energy, random motion.

Heating → particles move faster, overcome forces → change of state.

Cooling → particles slow down, forces pull them closer → change of state.

3. Mixtures of Substances and Diffusion
Mixture – two or more substances not chemically bonded; can be separated physically (e.g., filtration, distillation, chromatography).

Diffusion – spreading of particles from high to low concentration due to random motion.

Faster in gases than liquids (particles are further apart, move faster).

Rate increases with temperature.

Key exam tips:

Remember particle diagrams for solids, liquids, gases.

Diffusion happens because particles are in constant, random motion.

In mixtures, each component retains its own properties.

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