Italian imperative | Affirmative and negative | Grammar class level B1 | Learn italian free lessons

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The imperative, imperativo, is used to express
• an order: Chiudi la porta! (Shut the door.)
• an invitation: State in silenzio, per favore. (Be silent, please.)
• a piece of advice: Fai piano! (Easy does it.)
• a ban: Non urlate! (Don’t shut!)

The imperative has only one tense, the present, and two persons: the second singular, tu, and the second plural, voi.

The verb is the variable part of the speech expressing actions, events and situations. It’s the most important element in a sentence: the verb is the centre around which are organized all the elements of the sentence.

In particular, the verb expresses:
an action made by the subject
an action received by the subject
an action reflected upon the subject
an event
how are and what are somebody or something
a possession of somebody or something
the existence of somebody or something.

Moreover, the verb gives information about the temporal collocation of the event, that can be situated:
nel passato, in the past
nel presente, in the present
nel futuro, in the future.

Finally, the verb gives information about the event’s way of happening, that can be considered:
a certain event
an hypothesis
an opinion
an impossibility

• The verb agrees with the subject and permits to recognize it. It has six different endings, related to the six different “persons” that can carry out the action.

• The verb can be analysed according to:
l’aspetto morfologico, the morphological aspects: la persona (person), il numero (number), il modo (mood), il tempo (tense), l’aspetto (aspect), la coniugazione (conjugation);
la funzione, the function, held in relationship with other verbs: ausiliare (auxiliary), servile (modal), fraseologico (phraseological);
il genere, the kind: transitivo (transitive) or intransitivo (intransitive);
la forma, the voice: attiva (active), passiva (passive), riflessiva (reflexive).

• The morphological aspects: o la forma del verbo

Also the verbs are composed by a root, invariable, and by a variable ending, that contains a lots of information. The ending of a verb shows:

• La persona e il numero: the person who constitutes the subject can be:
the one who speaks, la persona che parla, known as prima persona, first person, singolare or plurale: io (I), noi (we);
the one who listens, la persona che ascolta, seconda persona, second person, singolare or plurale: tu (you), voi (you);
the one or the thing is the sentence about la persona o la cosa di cui si parla, terza persona, third person, singolare or plurale: lui, lei, egli, ella, esso, essa (him, her), essi, esse, loro (they).
There are three persons singular and three persons plural.
For example: Io mangio. (I eat.)Tu dormi. (You sleep) Lui scrive. (He writes): Prima, seconda e
terza persona singolare.
Noi partiamo. (We leave) Voi uscite. (You go out) Essi leggono. (They read): prima, seconda e terza persona plurale.

• Il genere: sometimes is possible to understand if the subject performing the action is masculine or feminine. This happens only in past participle tense and in compound tenses.
For example: seduto, seduta, seduti, sedute (sat): it’s evident in the participle the variation of
gender and number.
È partita. È partito. Sono partite. Sono partiti. (He/she left. They left) It’s evident the ending’s variation of number and gender in compound tenses, such as the present perfect.

Important: the endings of verbs change, depending on subject’s persons, numbers and gender.

Attention: the agreement between subject and verb occurs depending on the grammatical person.

• Il modo: the mood of the verb suggest if the action or the situation espresse in the sentence are considered a certainty, a possibility, a hope, a doubt, an order.
For example: mangio (certainty), mangerei (possibility), mangiassi (doubt), mangia! (order).

In italian exist seven moods: four finite, finiti, and three indefinite, indefiniti.

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