JAINISM COMPLETE - Most Important Ancient History GK for UPSC ias pcs ssc rrb police railway uppsc

Описание: JAINISM EXPLAINED COMPLETE GK BASICS RELIGION HISTORY CRASH COURSE DOCUMENTARY
#join_paid_8564880530_9696066089

Jainism (/ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/),[1] traditionally known as Jain Dharma,[2] is an ancient Indian religion.[3] Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a word derived from the Sanskrit word jina (victor) and connoting the path of victory in crossing over life's stream of rebirths through an ethical and spiritual life.[4] Jainism is a transtheistic religion,[5] and Jains trace their spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four victorious saviours and teachers known as tirthankaras, with the first being Rishabhanatha, who according to Jain tradition lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third being Parshvanatha in 900 BCE, and twenty-fourth being the Mahāvīra around 500 BCE. Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every cycle of the Jain cosmology.

The main religious premises of Jainism are ahiṃsā (non-violence), anekāntavāda (many-sidedness), aparigraha (non-attachment) and asceticism. Devout Jains take five main vows: ahiṃsā (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (not stealing), brahmacharya (celibacy or chastity), and aparigraha (non-attachment). These principles have impacted Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle that avoids harm to animals and their life cycles. Parasparopagraho Jīvānām (the function of souls is to help one another) is the motto of Jainism. Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most common and basic prayer in Jainism.[6]

Jainism has two major ancient sub-traditions, Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras; and several smaller sub-traditions that emerged in the 2nd millennium CE. The Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras have different views on ascetic practices, gender and which Jain texts can be considered canonical. Jain mendicants are found in all Jain sub-traditions except Kanji Panth sub-tradition, with laypersons (śrāvakas) supporting the mendicants' spiritual pursuits with resources.

Jainism has between four and five million followers, with most Jains residing in India.[7] Outside India, some of the largest Jain communities are present in Canada, Europe, Kenya, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Suriname, Fiji, and the United States. Major Jain festivals include Paryushana and Daslakshana, Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, and Dipawali.


Contents
1 Main principles
1.1 Non-violence (ahimsa)
1.2 Many-sided reality (anekāntavāda)
1.3 Non-attachment (aparigraha)
1.4 Jain ethics and five vows
2 Practices
2.1 Asceticism
2.2 Food and fasting
2.3 Meditation
2.4 Rituals and worship
2.5 Festivals
2.6 Monasticism
2.7 Supplementary vows and Sallekhana
3 Traditions and sects
3.1 Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras
3.2 Other sub-traditions
3.3 Gender and spiritual liberation
4 Beliefs and philosophy
4.1 Dravya (Substance)
4.2 Tattva (Reality)
4.3 Soul and Karma
4.4 Saṃsāra
4.5 Cosmology
4.6 God
4.7 Epistemology
4.8 Salvation, liberation
5 Scriptures and texts
5.1 Influence on Indian literature
6 Comparison with Buddhism and Hinduism
7 Art and architecture
7.1 Temples
7.2 Pilgrimages
7.3 Statues and sculptures
7.4 Symbols
8 History
8.1 Origins
8.2 Political history
8.3 Interaction with other religions
8.4 Colonial era
9 Jains in the modern era