NCERT Geography Class 7 CH-7 Part-I HUMAN ENVIRONMENT-SETTLEMENT | मानव पर्यावरण के मुख्य पहलू बस्ती

Описание: NCERT Geography Class 7 CH-7 Part-I HUMAN ENVIRONMENT-SETTLEMENT | मानव पर्यावरण के मुख्य पहलू बस्ती

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Settlements: Settlements are places where people build their homes.
Early human beings lived on trees and in caves.
When they started to grow crops it became necessary to have a permanent home.
The settlements grew near the river valleys as water was available and land was fertile.
With the development of trade, commerce and manufacturing, human settlements became larger.
Settlement flourished and civilizations developed near river valleys.

Ancient Civilizations: Mesopotamia: Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the region known as the Fertile Crescent.
Ancient Egypt: Centered on the Nile River, which provided fertile soil through seasonal flooding.
Indus Valley Civilization: Centered on the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, also known as the Harappan civilization.
Ancient China: Developed along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers

Types of Settlements: Temporary Settlements: which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlements.
Eg: The people living in deep forests, hot and cold deserts and mountains.
They practice hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation and transhumance.
Permanent settlements: In these settlements, people build homes to live in.

Shifting cultivation: Shifting cultivation is an agricultural practice where farmers clear a patch of land, grow crops for a few years, and then move to a new plot once the soil's fertility declines. The old land is left fallow to allow it to regenerate naturally, and this cycle of clearing, cultivation, and abandonment is often called slash and burn agriculture. It is a primitive system that is still practiced in parts of Africa, Central and Southeast Asia, and Central America.  

Process of Shifting Cultivation: 1. Clearing: 
Farmers first clear a patch of forest or bushland by cutting down vegetation. 
2. Burning: 
The cut vegetation is then burned, and the nutrient-rich ash is spread on the soil to temporarily increase its fertility. 
3. Cultivation: 
Crops are planted for a few years until the soil is no longer productive. 
4. Abandonment: 
The farmers then move to a new area, leaving the old plot to lie fallow and regenerate. 
5. Regeneration: 
The original plot is allowed to remain fallow for a period, which can be several years, allowing the forest to regrow and the soil to naturally restore its nutrients. 
Common crops: 
Crops commonly grown include root crops like cassava and yams, as well as corn, millet, and rice. 

Transhumance: Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock and their herders between fixed summer and winter pastures.
This practice is a type of pastoralism that involves moving animals to take advantage of different grazing areas throughout the year

Types of transhumance: Vertical Transhumance: The movement up and down in elevation, typically from a lowland valley in winter to a high-altitude pasture in the mountains during summer.
Horizontal Transhumance: The movement across a horizontal landscape, such as moving from northern, colder plains to southern, warmer plains to avoid harsh winters. 

Types of Settlements: Rural settlements: The villages are rural settlement where people are engaged in activities like agriculture, fishing, forestry, crafts work and trading etc.
Rural settlements can be compact or scattered.
A compact settlement is a closely built area of dwellings, wherever flat land is available.
In a scattered settlement dwellings are spaced over an extensive area. This type of settlement is mostly found in hilly tracts, thick forests, and regions of extreme climate.

Types of Houses in Settlements: Stilt Houses: For Flood areas
Slanting Roof houses: For Rainy areas
Thick mud walled houses with thatched roofs: For Hot and dry places
Igloo: House made up of of Ice
Pucca houses: Permanent and more durable homes constructed from materials like bricks, cement, and concrete. 
Bungalows: A detached, single-story house that is common in both rural and suburban settings. 
Farmhouses: A large country house, often located on a farm and serving as a primary residence or vacation home. 
Villas: An upscale, independent house, sometimes part of a gated community, that offers a higher standard of living. 


Urban Settlements: The towns are small and the cities are larger urban settlements.
In urban areas the people are engaged in manufacturing, trading, and services.