Explore Medieval Psychology: Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd

Описание: Dive into the fascinating world of medieval psychology as we explore the groundbreaking insights of Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd! In this video, we pose thought-provoking questions: How do philosophy and psychology intersect? What can historical figures teach us about our modern understanding of the human soul? We’ll unravel Al-Ghazali's unique view on virtues and the self, alongside Ibn Rushd's empirical approach to the mind.

Using real-life examples and engaging storytelling, this video aims to captivate your interest while enhancing your knowledge. Don't forget to like and share if you find this content enlightening! Join us for a journey through time, and let’s uncover the roots of psychology together!


References

1. Al‑Ghazali’s Conception of the Soul, Nafs, and Self‑Purification
• Three principal stages of the Nafs (lower, reproaching, and tranquil selves) are grounded in Qurʾanic psychology and elaborated by Al‑Ghazali .
• In The Revival of the Religious Sciences, Al‑Ghazali explains how rational faculties (aql) mediate between base desires (nafs) and the heart (qalb), enabling transformation from Nafs al‑Ammārah to Nafs al‑Mutmaʾinnah as part of moral and spiritual development .
• The framework of self-discipline—self‑criticism (muhāsaba), vigilance (muraqaba), self‑punishment (mua‘āqaba), struggle (mujāhada), and cleansing (tazkiyah)—is consistent with traditional Islamic psychotherapy models and Al‑Ghazali’s own instructions .

2. Ibn Rushd (Averroes): The Soul’s Faculties and Rationalism
• Averroes divides the soul into five faculties—nutritive, sensitive, imaginative, appetitive, and rational—and asserts that rational intellect yields ethical and abstract knowledge beyond sensory perception .
• He proposes that universal knowledge arises through a shared “material intellect”, and that human cognition involves interplay between the agent intellect and material intellect, across individual minds .
• His empiricist, deterministic approach holds that all events—including apparent accidents—have causes, and that knowledge and morality derive from understanding causality in nature .

🧾 Selected Citations

Scholar Key Concept
Al‑Ghazali Nafs stages; psychological struggle (jihad al‑nafs); tazkiyah and self‑discipline
Averroes / Ibn Rushd Five-part soul; rational intellect and unity of intellect; empirical approach

🔗 Further Reading (Web Sources)
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, entry on Ibn Rushd (Averroes) describes his psychology and views on the soul and intellect in depth .
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy / Plato Project, 2025 edition, offers scholarly insight into his philosophical psychology, including his deterministic naturalism and shared intellect thesis .
• Islamic psychology articles and journals (e.g. Journal of Religion & Health) detail how Al‑Ghazali’s soul-model integrates nafs, qalb, aql, and ruh in moral psychology and Sufi ethics .


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