Chronic Renal Failure Pathology | Introduction | Kidney Pathophysiology

Описание: If you're struggling to understand the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease, we've got you covered with our kidney disease pathology education video! We offer a visual illustration of the pathophysiology of Chronic Renal Failure to make it easier for you to learn about it.

▬ 📌 How Would you define Chronic Renal Failure?
Chronic Renal Failure, or CRF, occurs when an individual experiences extremely low GFR for more than 3 consecutive months. CRF is a medical term used when poor kidney function is observed and reduced blood flow to the kidney is seen. It's important to remember that Chronic Renal Failure doesn't occur due to a single disease but rather a combination of various diseases.

This pathology video covers the basic functions of the kidney, including salt and water homeostasis, blood pressure control, toxin removal, calcium and phosphate balance, erythropoietin production, potassium balance, and acid-base balance. We also explain the five stages of Chronic Renal Failure and the symptoms that appear when kidney functions are disturbed, such as edema, hypertension, and anemia.

▬ 📌 Chronic Kidney Disease is not a single Disease!
Always remember that Chronic Renal Failure never occurs due to a single disease! It always occurs due to a combination of various diseases in a single individual. Following diseases often lead to chronic kidney disease according to given percentages. This will highlight CRF etiology as well:
🟡 Glomerulonephritis - 20%
🟡 Interstitial Nephritis - 15%
🟡 Diabetes Mellitus - 20%
🟡 Polycystic Kidney Disease - 10%
🟡 Hypertension - 10%
🟡 Obstructive Uropathy - 15%

▬ 📌 Basic Functions of Kidney
The kidney is a vital organ of the body with Nephrons working as a functional unit. It performs the following functions that are extremely important for the survival of the body! Pathophysiology of Renal failure and Chronic Renal Failure pathology can be easily established through its normal function impairment:
🔵 Salt and water homeostasis
🔵 Control of Blood Pressure
🔵 Removal of Toxins
🔵 Calcium and Phosphate Balance
🔵 Erythropoietin production
🔵 Potassium balance
🔵 Acid-base balance

The pathophysiology of CKD is highlighted in the video! So do not forget to see the Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

▬ 📌 Ultimate Symptoms of Renal Failure
When the normal functions of the kidneys are disturbed, the following symptoms are bound to appear that would decline renal function drastically:
🟢 Edema
🟢 Hypertension
🟢 Uremia
🟢 Hyperkalemia
🟢 Anemia
🟢 Renal bone disease
🟢 Platelet dysfunction
🟢 Infection

Watch the CRF Medicine Lecture here!

▬ 📌 Stages of Chronic Renal Failure
Chronic Renal failure is divided into 5 stages that explain that the lower the GFR, the more effects of Renal Failure will be observed:
⚫️ Stage 1: with normal or high GFR (GFR over 90 mL/min)
⚫️ Stage 2: Mild CKD (GFR = 60-89 mL/min)
⚫️ Stage 3A: Moderate CKD (GFR = 45-59 mL/min)
⚫️ Stage 3B: Moderate CKD (GFR = 30-44 mL/min)
⚫️ Stage 4: Severe CKD (GFR = 15-29 mL/min)
⚫️ Stage 5: End Stage CKD (GFR less than15 mL/min)

Out of these stages, Stage Four kidney disease leads to the severity of renal impairment and the need for dialysis and transplantation!

▬ 📌 Calculation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is calculated worldwide using creatinine levels in patients, with the following two formulas:
🔴 MDRD- This abbreviation stands for Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
🔴 Cockcroft Gault

Renal Failure Pathophysiology can easily be determined by calculating GFR!
Learn about these formulas more inside the video!

▬ 📌 Investigations for CRF
To diagnose Chronic Renal Failure, renal ultrasonography is done to see the degree of renal obstruction and the renal size. Urinalysis and blood tests are conducted to see creatinine, urea, and creatinine clearance. For management, before dialysis, systematic corrections are done, such as the correction of calcium and phosphate levels with 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol and phosphate binders, erythropoietin for anemia, sodium bicarbonate for acidosis, and treatment with diuretics for hypertension.

▬ 📌 Management of Chronic Renal Failure
Before dialysis, all the systematic corrections are done e.g.,
🟣 Correction of calcium and phosphate levels with 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol and phosphate binders.
🟣 Erythropoietin for Anemia
🟣 Sodium bicarbonate for Acidosis
🟣 Treatment with Diuretics for Hypertension

▬ 📌 Types of Dialysis
Dialysis is a crucial management step for Chronic Renal Failure patients. Two dialysis types are preferred in patients according to risk and benefit ratio.
🟤 Hemodialysis
🟤 Peritoneal Dialysis

Watch their Advantages and Complications in the video!

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