LED light emitting diode, circuit, datasheet, resistor calculation " Arduino Project for Beginners

Описание: Article on Light Emitting Diode:
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The light-emitting diode which is most commonly known as an LED is a two-lead semiconductor light source. it is a P-N junction diode that emits light when activated.
Nearly every consumer device makes use of the Light Emitting Diode (LED). This highly versatile device offers an easy way to add an indicator to any project. Once their operation is understood, adding them to any project is a simple task. This is a simplified explanation of how an LED works and how to select a current limiting resistor.
A Light Emitting Diode or (LED) is a variant of the basic Diode with the same characteristics. The key difference is that when the LED conducts electricity it also generates Light. When looking at the specifications for an LED, there are two key ratings to note: the “Forward Voltage” and the “Forward Current.”

Forward voltage:
The Forward Voltage defines the amount of voltage required in order to conduct electricity. Any voltages below this amount will cause the LED to remain “Open” and non-conductive. This also means any components in-series with the LED will not have current flowing through them either! Once the voltage dropped across the LED reaches the Forward Voltage, it will begin to conduct electricity.
For example, consider an LED with a Forward Voltage rated at 3.0V. Now what happens if you attach the Anode to 1.5v voltage source(lets say a battery) through a push button and the cathode of the led to the gnd? will the led do anything? .......N0!
The led will not turn ON.
but now if we increase the voltage from 1.5v to 3v or we use two 1.5v batteries in series then the led will light up and all is good, right? Well, No. What is really happening inside of the LED is that the Diode turns into a short-circuit once a Forward Voltage is

Now the question is how to find the value of a current limiting


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