Respiration in Birds

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This lecture is about
Respiration in birds
Respiratory system in birds is the most eicient and elaborate. The birds are very active animals

with high metabolic rate, and thus need large amount of oxygen. The respiratory system in the birds
is so arranged that there is one way low of the air through the lungs and the air is renewed after
inspiration. In the lungs of birds, tiny thin walled ducts called parabronchi are present instead of
alveoli. These parabronchi are open at both ends and the air; is constantly ventilated. The walls of the
parabronchi are chief sites of gaseous
exchange. The direction of the blood
low in the lungs is opposite to that of the
air low through the parabronchi. This
counter current exchange increases the
amount of oxygen which enters blood.
Lungs in birds are very eicient in this
respect as well, because no stale of air
remains in the parabronchi.
The lungs have also developed several
extensions known as air sacs which reach
all parts of the body and even penetrate
some of the bones. In most birds the air
sacs are nine in number which become
inlated by air at atmospheric pressure
when the rib articulations are rotated
forward and upward. The inlated air
sacs act as bellows and send air into the
parabronchi for gaseous exchange.