Geometrical Isomerism | Cis-Trans Isomerism |

Описание: Geometrical isomerism, also known as cis-trans isomerism, is a type of stereoisomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of groups around a rigid structure such as a carbon-carbon double bond or a ring. This isomerism arises due to restricted rotation around the double bond or ring, locking the groups into specific positions relative to each other.
In cis-trans isomerism:

The cis isomer has two identical or similar groups positioned on the same side of the double bond or ring.

The trans isomer has these groups positioned on opposite sides.

The difference in orientation affects the physical and chemical properties of the isomers, such as polarity, boiling and melting points, and reactivity. For example, cis isomers generally have higher polarity and different boiling points compared to trans isomers, which tend to be more linear and less polar.

This concept applies to organic molecules like alkenes (e.g., 2-butene) and cyclic compounds, as well as certain inorganic coordination complexes. In coordination compounds, cis and trans describe ligands being adjacent or opposite each other in square planar or octahedral geometries.

Thus, geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism is a form of configurational isomerism important in understanding molecular properties and behavior.
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