Acute Kidney Injury & Chronic Kidney Disease Explained | Labs, Dialysis & NCLEX

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are core NCLEX® renal topics, and this video breaks down exactly how to recognize, monitor, and manage both conditions using NCLEX-style thinking.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
• Sudden, often reversible loss of kidney function
• Types: prerenal (↓ perfusion), intrarenal (nephrotoxic damage), postrenal (obstruction)
• Findings: ↑ BUN/creatinine, ↓ urine output, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis
• ECG clue: peaked T waves = hyperkalemia
• Interventions: cardiac monitoring, Kayexalate, insulin + dextrose, loop diuretics, dialysis

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
• Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function
• Causes: diabetes, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, prior AKI
• Findings: fluid overload, electrolyte retention, hypocalcemia, anemia, uremia
• Diet: low protein (except peritoneal dialysis), low sodium, low potassium, low phosphorus
• Meds: phosphate binders, calcium, vitamin D, erythropoietin

Dialysis Essentials
• Hemodialysis: AV fistula care (thrill/bruit), avoid BP/IVs in access arm
• Complications: hypotension, disequilibrium syndrome, air embolism, bleeding
• Peritoneal dialysis: sterile technique, warm dialysate, watch for peritonitis (cloudy fluid)

This video prepares you for AKI vs CKD comparisons, lab interpretation, ECG changes, diet questions, and dialysis nursing care — all commonly tested on the NCLEX.

⏱️ Timestamps
0:00 – Intro: AKI vs CKD overview
0:03 – What is acute kidney injury (AKI)?
0:28 – AKI causes: prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
0:52 – AKI findings: ↓ urine output, ↑ BUN/creatinine
1:18 – Fluid & electrolyte imbalances
1:18 – Hyperkalemia & metabolic acidosis
1:40 – Key monitoring: labs, urine output, daily weights
1:40 – Cardiac monitoring required
2:03 – ECG changes with potassium
2:03 – Peaked T waves = hyperkalemia
2:24 – Treating hyperkalemia (remove, shift, dialyze)
2:49 – Kayexalate, insulin + dextrose, loop diuretics
2:49 – Dialysis for severe hyperkalemia

2:56 – Quick Check #1

3:24 – Preventing further renal damage
3:51 – Avoid nephrotoxic meds & limit protein
3:51 – Infection risk with uremia

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
4:15 – What is CKD? (progressive & irreversible)
4:42 – Causes: diabetes, HTN, PKD, prior AKI
4:42 – Systemic effects of CKD
5:05 – Electrolyte retention & hypocalcemia
5:05 – Anemia & uremic symptoms
5:27 – Priority: monitor potassium & cardiac rhythm
5:54 – Treating hyperkalemia in CKD

Fluid & Diet Management
6:23 – Daily weights & fluid balance
6:23 – Signs of fluid overload
6:50 – Blood pressure control & sodium restriction
6:50 – Low-protein diet (except peritoneal dialysis)
7:19 – Foods to avoid: potassium, sodium, phosphorus

Bone Disease & Anemia
7:42 – Phosphate binders, calcium & vitamin D
7:42 – Managing anemia: erythropoietin, iron, transfusions

7:42 – Quick Check #2

Dialysis
8:34 – When dialysis is needed
8:56 – Types: hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis

Hemodialysis
8:56 – AV fistula/graft care
9:23 – Thrill & bruit assessment
9:23 – No BP or IVs in access arm
9:43 – Complications: hypotension, disequilibrium
9:43 – Air embolism & bleeding risk

Peritoneal Dialysis
10:05 – Peritoneal dialysis overview
10:29 – Warm dialysate & sterile technique
10:29 – Peritonitis signs: cloudy fluid, fever
10:29 – Higher protein needs

11:01 – Final Quick Check
11:27 – Wrap-up: AKI & CKD NCLEX readiness


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